Transcript EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers

Learning By
Observation
Module 20
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Learning by Observation
Overview
 Bandura’s Experiments
 Applications of Observational
Learning
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Learning by Observation
©Herb Terrace
© Herb Terrace
Higher animals,
especially humans,
learn through observing
and imitating others.
The monkey on the
right imitates the
monkey on the left in
touching the pictures in
a certain order to obtain
a reward.
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p. 244
Mirror Neurons
Reprinted with permission from the American
Association for the Advancement of Science,
Subiaul et al., Science 305: 407-410 (2004)
© 2004 AAAS.
Neuroscientists discovered mirror neurons in the brains
of animals and humans that are active during
observational learning. Neurons that shaped civilization at TED 7:44
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Meltzoff, A.N. (1998). Imitation of televised models by infants.
Child Development, 59 1221-1229. Photos Courtesy of A.N. Meltzoff and M. Hanuk.
Imitation Onset
Learning by observation
begins early in life. This 14month-old child imitates the
adult on TV in pulling a toy
apart.
Children see, children do.
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Bandura's Bobo doll
study (1961) indicated
that individuals
(children) learn through
imitating others who
receive rewards and
punishments.
General idea
“People learn by
observing others.”
Courtesy of Albert Bandura, Stanford University
Bandura's Experiments
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Bandura Methodology
• You do not have to write this methodology,
it will become clear when you see the clips
of the research.
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Albert Bandura: Hypothesis
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• Believed we learn through observation and imitation
• Hypothesized that children would imitate aggressive
behavior they observed
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Bandura’s Methodology
• Children watched films of adults beating Bobo dolls
• Three groups: aggression-rewarded, aggressionpunished, no consequences
• Children went into rooms with toys
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Bandura’s Results
EFFECT OF OBSERVED CONSEQUENCE ON
IMITATIVE BEHAVIOR
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GIRLS
BOYS
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MODEL
REWARDED
MODEL
PUNISHED
NO
CONSEQUENCES
• Children in the aggression-punished group expressed the
fewest aggressive behaviors toward the Bobo dolls
• Children in the other two groups expressed an equal
number of aggressive behaviors and were more
aggressive than children in the aggression-punished
group
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Bandura’s Experiment Cont.
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Viewing aggressive
behavior
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Rewards for imitation
Aggressive behavior
• Children then promised rewards for imitating the adult in
the film
• Now, all three groups were equally aggressive
• Children had learned the aggressive behavior from the
film, but those who saw the adults being punished were
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less likely to act aggressively
Bandura’s Social
Learning Theory
• Relates to effects of violence and other images on TV
and in the movies
• Children imitate good and neutral behaviors as well
as bad ones
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This series of photographs shows children
observing and modeling aggressive behavior.
Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment 5:03
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Applications of Observational
Learning
Bandura’s studies
show that antisocial
models (family,
neighborhood or TV)
may have antisocial
effects.
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Positive Observational Learning
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Prosocial (positive, helpful) models may have
prosocial effects.
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Gentile et al., (2004)
shows that children in
elementary school who
are exposed to violent
television, videos, and
video games express
increased aggression.
Ron Chapple/ Taxi/ Getty Images
Television and Observational
Learning
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Modeling Violence
Children modeling after pro wrestlers
Glassman/ The Image Works
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Research shows that viewing media violence
leads to an increased expression of aggression.
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Video games, a
good side?
• The better that people got at
Medal of Honor, the more
their attention and memory
skills outside the game
skyrocketed.
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EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Edition in Modules)
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad, Amy Jones w
Garber edits
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2008
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