Transcript A / AS Psychology.. Key Studies Developmental Psychology •

A / AS Psychology.. Key Studies
•
Developmental Psychology
• Key study
• Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961)
Bandura, Ross & Ross
The Bobo Doll Study
The Question
The nature - nurture debate
Do children learn behaviour from
the behaviour they see around
them?
Specifically…….
• Can aggressive behaviour be
learned by observation?
• NB: This was the study that triggered
the TV violence debate
Before we begin…….
• 1 List two behaviours you
think might be learned by watching
others
• 2 List two behaviours you think could not
be learned in this way
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• The participants
• 72 children (Stanford University nursery school)
• 36 boys & 36 girls
• age range 37 months - 69 months
• Mean age 52 months
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• TWO adult ‘role models’
one male and one female
and a female experimenter
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• Method - an experiment
• there were three conditions
• 24 children in each condition
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
•
•
•
•
The THREE CONDITIONS
Non aggressive condition
Aggressive condition
Control condition
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
•
•
•
•
Non aggressive condition
and
Aggressive condition
There were male and female role
models
• 12 children in each
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
•
•
•
•
•
Thus
6 boys saw aggressive male
6 boys saw non-aggressive male
6 boys saw aggressive female
6 boys saw non-aggressive female
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
•
•
•
•
•
Thus
6 girls saw aggressive female
6 girls saw non-aggressive female
6 girls saw aggressive male
6 girls saw non-aggressive male
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• Level 1 Independent Variable (IV)
aggressive or non-aggressive role
model
• Level 2 Independent variable (IV)
Same sex or opposite sex role
model
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• Write a TESTABLE two-tailed
hypothesis for the study
• Write a TESTABLE one-tailed
hypothesis for the study
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• In order to ensure that each group contained
equally aggressive children they were all
rated for aggression before the experiment
• rated on • physical aggression, verbal aggression
• aggression to inanimate objects
• aggression inhibition (self control)
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• What happened then?
• Children taken one at a time
• Phase one of the experiment
• Modelling the behaviour phase
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• What happened then?
• Phase two of the experiment
• The AROUSAL phase
• This was necessary to provoke the children
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• What happened then?
• Phase three of the experiment
• The OBSERVATION phase
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• What was observed?
• The criteria
• Imitative aggression
• Non-imitative aggression
• physical & verbal
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• The results
• IMITATION - the children in the
aggressive condition imitated many of
the modelled physical and verbal
aggressive behaviours
• they also imitated non-aggressive
behaviours
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• The results
• IMITATION - the children in the
NON- aggressive condition imitated
very few of the modelled behaviour
• 70% had zero scores
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• The results
• NON-IMITATION
• the children in the aggressive condition
displayed MUCH more non-imitative
(non-copied) aggressive behaviour
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• The results
• NON-AGGRESSIVE CONDITION
• the children in the non-aggressive
condition spent more time playing with
the toys (dolls etc) also more time
doing nothing
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• GENDER RESULTS
• Boys imitated more physical
aggression (but not verbal)
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• GENDER RESULTS
• Boys more aggressive after watching
MALE aggressive model
• Girls more aggressive after watching
FEMALE aggressive model
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• The conclusion
• Learning can take place by observation
• no classical or operant conditioning
• Children more likely to learn from
same sex models
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• The conclusion
• Bandura suggested Freud’s theory of
identification may be used to explain
how learning took place
• Which of Freud’s stages might these
children have been in?
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• Thinking about BPS guidelines
• WAS THIS STUDY ETHICAL?
• What are the issues?
• If not ethical WHY not?
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• Thinking about methodology
• Does this study have ecological
validity?
• If not ecologically valid - why not?
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• Thinking about the participants
• To whom can we generalise the
findings?
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• The debate as regards children learning
aggressive behaviour from watching
violence on TV
• How might watching TV differ from
the experience of the children in the
Bandura experiment?
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
• There were four predictions
• (hypotheses) in this
• MATCHED SUBJECTS experiment
• What were they?
Bandura Ross & Ross
The BOBO doll study
The end