Transcript Church History - Evidence for Christianity

Historia de la Iglesia
Dr. John Oakes
Sociedad de Investigación Apologética
¿Por qué estudiamos la Historia de la
Iglesia?

¿Para aprender de los Errores de la Historia
→ para evitarlos? Aquellos que no pueden aprender
de la historia están condenados a repetirla.

Descubrir nuestros propias raices
(Movimiento de Restauración, Ministerios Universitarios,
ICOC)

Evitar columpiar el péndulo
Gracia ↔ Legalismo
Doctrina ↔ Celo, Emoción, Corazón
Ascetismo ↔ Libertad
¿Cómo se perdió el Verdadero
Cristianismo?

Crecimiento de grupos separados, grupos
heréjes con falsas enseñanzas.

Desvío gradual de la “verdadera iglesia”, de
las prácticas bíblicas, por razones buenas y
sinceras.
Cismas y Herejías tempranos






Judaizantes legalismo
Gnósticos humanidad de Jesus, conocimiento profundo
Marcionitas Jehova un Dios Malo
Montanistas carismáticos
Novatianistas, Donatistas pureza de la iglesia
Arianes deidad de Jesus
El Evangelio de Judas
El desvío de la Iglesia
Apostólica…





Liderazgo/ Organización de la Iglesia
Doctrina del Bautismo
Ascetismo, Monasticismo
Credos, Liturgia, Calendario de la iglesia,
Sacramentalismo
Sacerdotalismo/Sacerdocio La Cena del Señor se
convirtió en un sacrificio

Hermeneutica
Lecciones Aprendidas de la iglesia
primitiva






Evitar estructura organizacional convenientes pero
no-bíblica.
Resistir la tendencia hacia el ritualismo en nuestras
reuniones.
No sobre-reaccionar a las falsas doctrinas.
Evitar depender de credos para defender la verdad.
No sobre-enfatizar la importancia del sacrificio físico,
oración o cualquier otra buena actividad espiritual.
Enfatizar los métodos buenos de la exégesis de Biblia
¿Verdadero Cristianismo en la Edad
Media?





Paulicianos 650-900’s Asia Menor
Albigenses, Cathars 1000’s-1200’s Sur de Francia
Arnoldo de Brescia 1100 Italia
Pedro de Bruys 1110 Norte de Italia
Valdenses 1175-1500’s Peter Waldo, Suiza
La Reforma







John Wyclif Inglaterra, 1324-1384
John Huss Bohemia, 1374-1415
Martin Lutero Alemania, 1483-1546
Ulrich Zwingli Suiza, 1484-1531
William Tyndale Inglaterra, 1494-1536
Juan Calvino Francia, 1509-1564
John Knox Escocia, 1505-1572
John Wyclif 1324-1384
Tradujo la Vulgata al Inglés
Se opuso a las indulgencias, idolos,
sacerdocio.
El Papa es el anticristo.
Sus seguidores fueron conocidos como
Lollards
Se le declaró hereje en 1401
John Huss 1374-1415 Bohemia
Influenciado por Wyclif
La Biblia es la única autoridad
Solo Dios puede perdonar los pecados
Quemado en la estaca
Los Hussitas fueron virtualmente aniquilados
por la Inquisición
Iglesias Brethren y Moravian
John Huss, quemado en la estaca, en el
año 1415
Martin Lutero 1483-1546
Monje Agustiano
95 Tesis en Wittenburg
Estudio de Romanos
Solo la Fe
Solo las Escrituras
Predestinación
Libro de Santiago, un “Libro de
paja.”
Mantuvo muchas de las practicas
de los Católicos en el culto
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
Reformista suizo
Más radical que Lutero
Rechazó casi todas las formas de
adoración de los católicos.
Difiere en cuanto a la Cena del Señor
Su influencia dio origen a los
Anabaptistas
Principal influencia en Juan Calvino
El Movimiento Anabaptista (1530’s y después)
La Reforma Radical
Menno Simmons 1496-1561
Martirio de los Anabaptistas
El Movimiento Anabaptista (cont.)








Bautismo por inmersion de adultos después de la
confesión de fe para la salvación.
La Biblia es la única autoridad.
Separación de la iglesia y el Estado.
Enfatizó ambos, la vida y la doctrina
Pacifistas (usualmente)
Muchos martirios
Comenzaron siendo evangelísticos, pero se
convirtieron en exclusivistas y retirados.
(Menonitas, Amish, Hutterites
Tendió a dividirse constantemente sobre cosas no
importantes
Juan Calvino 1509-1564








Influenciado muy fuertemente por Zwingli
Fuertemente influenciado por la teología de
Agustin
El teólogo más influyente de la Reforma
Enfatizó la Teología Historica/Testamentaria
Escribio Institutos de la Religion Cristiana
Estableció una gobierno eclesiastico en Ginebra.
Mejor conocido por su fuerte enfasis en la
Predestinación
TULIP
TULIP

Total depravity of mankind
(Depravación total de la humanidad)

Unconditional election
(Elección incondicional)

Limited atonement
(Expiación limitada)

Irresistible grace
(Gracia irresistible)

final Preservation of the
saints
(la conservación final de los santos)
Otros importantes personajes de la Reforma

William Tyndale Tradujo el NT desde el griego y el
AT desde el hebreo.
–
–




KJV fue una revisión de Tyndale.
Martirizado en 1536.
John Knox 1505-1572. Llevó el Calvinismo a
Escocia. Dio origen a la iglesia Presbiterana.
Puritanos. Inglaterra. Autonomía Congregacional.
Dio logar a la Iglesia Congregacional
Bautistas. Agregaron el bautismo al Calvinismo.
Quakers. Literalmente quaked (temblados).
Carismáticos, movimiento emocional.
Jacob Arminius (1569-1609)

“Arminianism”

Semi-Pelagianism?

Opposed supralapsarianism

Prevenient grace. God
foreknows, but does not
predetermine.

Calvinism makes God the
author of sin.

Methodists, Restoration
Movement
The Stone/Campbell
Movement
Restoration or Reformation?
Influences
 Francis Bacon and inductive logic: the scientific
approach to the facts of the Bible.
 John Locke: the “Christian Philosopher”
 The Scottish school of Common Sense Philosophy
(Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, etc.)
 The Seceder Presbyterians, the Sandemanians and
other radical restorationist sects.
James O’Kelly
We are “Christians simply”
Rice Haggard 1769-1819
“One thing I know, that whenever nonessentials are made terms of communion, it
will never fail to have a tendency to disunite
and scatter the church of Christ.”
Barton W. Stone 1772-1844
The heart of the movement
The Cane Ridge Revival
The Last Will and Testament
of the Springfield Presbytery
“Let Christian Unity be our
Polar Star.”
“I do, so far as I see it
consistent with the word of
God.”
The Presbytery of Springfield, sitting at Cane Ridge,
in the county of Bourbon, being, through a gracious
Providence, in more than ordinary bodily health,
growing in strength and size daily; and in perfect
soundness and composure of mind; but knowing
what it is appointed for all delegated bodies once to
die: and considering that the life of every such body
is very uncertain, do take, and ordain this our Last
Will and Testament, in manner and following,….
And with that the Springfield Presbytery no longer
existed and the Stone movement began.
Thomas Campbell
1763-1851
Emigrated to Pennsylvania
1807
Suspended by Presbyterian
Church
The Declaration and Address
1809
Principles for unity of
Christians.
Alexander Campbell
1788-1866
The mind of the movement
Joined Thomas from
Scotland 1809
Believers only baptism 1812
Campbell/Walker Debate
1820
The Millennial Harbinger
1830
Bethany College 1840
Walter Scott (1796-1861)
First evangelist in the movement
“Restored the gospel” in 1827
The five step “plan” of salvation
Scott’s: faith, repentance,
baptism, remission of sins, Holy
Spirit
CoC today: hear, believe, repent,
confess, be baptized
The crowning event of the early years:
1824 Stone and Campbell met for the first time
1831 Decided to form a unified movement
Problems:
1. Christian (Stonites) or Disciple (Campbellites)
2. Emotional vs intellectual movements (preachers vs
teachers)
3. Teaching on baptism
4. Ordination of ministers
5. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit
Hermeneutics of the Movement
“Command, Example and Necessary Demonstrations.”
“Where the Bible speaks, we speak, where the Bible is
silent, we are silent”
Sought Bible “facts.” Weak on principles. Tended
toward legalism.
The Turning Point:
Were they a unity movement (a reformation) or a restoration
movement?
Stone and Campbell favored reformation (example; the
Christadelphians)
Walter Scott, Benjamin Franklin, Tolbert Fanning, David Lipscomb and
others moved toward restoration. Sought “the perfect pattern.”
The Dominating Influences in the
Movement
 The Colleges (Bethany College, David Lipscomb
College, etc.)
 The Periodicals (editor/bishops) (The Millennial
Harbinger, The American Christian Review, The
Gospel Advocate, Firm Foundation, etc.)
 These were forces for unity and for division
Points of disunity/division
 Evangelism and inter-church organization (the Missionary
Society)
 The Civil War: pacifism, slavery, etc. (The Missionary Society
supported the North)
 The “instrument.” Moses Lard: “No preacher should enter a
church where an organ stands.”
 Daniel Sommer and David Lipscomb.
 1906 US Census acknowledged two separate groups: The
Church of Christ and the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ.
David Lipscomb (1831-1917)
“Father” of the Church of Christ
Founder of Lipscomb University
Editor of the Gospel Advocate 18661917
Daniel Sommer
“Watchdog” for the brotherhood.
“Daniel Sommer was a militant who left a
legacy of legalistic wrangling and divided
congregations.”
Other Controversies
 One cup, Sunday School, “anti” churches
 Premillennialism
 For the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ; The
Ecumenical Movement. Open Membership.
 UCMS (United Christian Missionary Society) vs.
NACC (North American Christian Convention)
 Two denominations by about 1950
Lessons to be learned
 Unity is extremely difficult to maintain without strong
hierarchical structure.
 Separating essential matters from the non-essential is
harder than we think.
 A movement without a strong hierarchical structure needs
instruments to maintain unity.
 Careful thinking about theology, church structure and
history are required for long term growth and unity.
 It is extremely difficult to avoid overreacting to groups with
whom we disagree.
Book Recommendations:
Reviving the Ancient Faith (Hughes)
The Stone Campbell Movement (Garrett)
Into All Nations (Foster Stanback)
The Search for the Ancient Order (West)
Crossroads/Boston/ICOC Movement
 1960’s “College Chairs” Within CoC
 1967 Chuck Lucas 14th Street CoC (Crossroads CoC)
 Soul talks
 Prayer partners
 Emphasis on evangelism
 After 1975 “campus ministries”
 Tom Brown, Andy Lindo, Kip McKean, etc…
 Many church splits resulted
 1979 Kip McKean, Lexington/Boston CoC




“sold out” disciples only in the church
Amazing growth
Emphasis on world evangelism
Vertical discipling trees, uniformity and simplicity of
methodology
Boston/LA/ICOC movement (cont.)
 Chuck Lucas resigns at Crossroads CoC 1985
 Official split with CoC 1986
 Who’s fault was it?
 Church Reconstructions 1988
 You are in or you are out
 Evangelization Proclamation 1994
 Kip McKean removed as world evangelist/head of the
movement November, 2001
 Kreite letter/ICOC structure falls apart Feb 2003
 Attempts at para-church organization, the “unity letter”
Hermeneutics of CoC and ICOC
 Alexander Campbell: “Where the Bible speaks,
we speak, where the Bible is silent, we are silent.”
 Kip McKean: Where the Bible speaks, we are
silent, where the Bible is silent, we speak.”
 CoC: Strong emphasis on Bible Study, Bible
colleges
 Kip McKean: Anti-intellectual tendency and
skeptical of theological training.
Where Should We Go From Here?
Balance of autonomy and cooperation
Finding a healthy model for “discipling”/implementing one
another passages
Meeting the needs of mature disciples without losing our
simple evangelistic plea—continuing to raise up young
leaders
Appointing and finding the best role for elders and a balance
with the role of evangelists (and teachers as well)
Our formal and informal relationship with mainline CoC and
other groups.