Transcript Chapter 14
Chapter 14 New Movements in America Essential Questions • What goals did American social reformers have during the early 1800s? I. Immigrants and Urban Challenges • Between 1840-1860 – 4 million European immigrants • Irish Potato Famine – 1841 – potato blight (fungus) kills Irish potatoes – Irish go to U.S. to escape starvation • German Revolution – 1848 – revolution against harsh rule fails – Germans go to U.S. to escape political persecution – Settled in Midwest on farms and rural areas Anti-Immigration Movements • Native-born Americans feared losing jobs to immigrants willing to work for less • Nativists: Americans opposed to immigration • 1849 – Know-Nothing Party: Rapid Growth of Cities • Cities grow because of jobs and transportation • Middle Class: • Entertainment – – – – Libraries Theater and concerts Playing cards Bowling, boxing, baseball New York Knickerbockers 1862 Urban Problems • City residents lived near workplaces – many lived in tenements: poorly designed apartment buildings that housed large numbers of people • Dangers: II. American Arts • Transcendentalism: belief that people could transcend, or rise above, material things in life (simplicity and individualism) • Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller • Utopian Communities: American Romanticism • Artists: – Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter – Herman Melville – Moby Dick – Edgar Allan Poe – “The Raven” – – – – Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – “Paul Revere’s Ride” Walt Whitman – Leaves of Grass Washington Irving – Legend of Sleepy Hollow Emily Dickinson – well known female poet – “I’m Nobody” III. Reforming Society • Second Great Awakening: 1790-1800s – Christian renewal movement – led to movements to fix social problems • Temperance Movement: African American Communities • African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church • 1835 – Oberlin College becomes first to accept African Americans • Some opportunity to attend schools in North and Midwest – very limited in South – – illegal for slaves to learn to read and write – slaveholders feared revolt Prison Reform • Dorthea Dix: • Others built reform schools for children Improvements in Education • Common School Movement: • Schools and colleges for women opened • Thomas Gallaudet: founded first free school for the hearing impaired in 1817 IV. The Movement to End Slavery • Abolition: complete end to slavery • Quakers were among the first abolitionists • Abolitionists differed though on treatment of African Americans • Colonization: Famous Abolitionists • William Lloyd Garrison: published The Liberator – founded the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833 • Sarah and Angelina Grimke: Famous Abolitionist • Frederick Douglass: escaped slave who learned to read and write – published The North Star • Sojourner Truth: The Underground Railroad • Network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for fugitive or escaped slaves • Harriet Tubman: Opposition to Ending Slavery • Northern workers feared freed slaves would take their jobs • Southerners saw it as a threat to way of life socially and economically • Gag Rule: V. Women’s Rights • Fighting for African American rights led many female abolitionists to fight for women’s rights • Margaret Fuller: wrote Women in the 19th Century in 1845 – stressed individualism Seneca Falls Convention • First public meeting about women’s rights held in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848 • Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott • Declaration of Sentiments: Famous Women’s Rights Leaders • Lucy Stone: gifted women’s rights speaker • Susan B. Anthony: turned women’s rights into a political movement for equality and voting • Elizabeth Cady Stanton: