Transcript Document 7317062

U.S. History
Unit Three
Chapter Eight:
Simplified Version
The North and South
Geographic, economic, and cultural
differences of the United States
broken into 2 sections
The Northern Section
Industrialization – huge here!
EX: Lowell’s textile mill
Not much farming or farm land
Brought people to cities (urban areas)
High population density
Manhattan had 33,000 in 1790 to 516,000 by 1850
Everything handled in home:
Medical, education, etc.
Everyone works
Hospitals and schools began to develop and fill this gap!
Tenement apartments:
Crowded apartments with poor standards of
sanitation, safety, and comfort.
Growth of Cities
Problems:
Poor police and fire systems.
No sewer systems or reliable supplies of water
By 1832, thousands killed by cholera (intestinal disease
caused by contaminated water).
The Economy of the South:
“King Cotton”
1860 = 2/3
of the
total
The
Southern
value of American exports.
States of the south:
DE, MD, VA, NC, SC,
GA, KY, TN, AL, MS, LA,
AK
South = rural (farms &
country, no cities)
South was dependent on
North:
Banks, shipping
companies, & textile mills
Section
The Slavery System
1850: 3.7 million African Americans in US… 12% were free.
Agrarian System
By 1804, all Northern states had banned slavery or passed laws to end it
gradually.
1808, Congress banned all further importation of
slaves to U.S.
1820, 1.5 million slaves, by 1850 doubled to 3.2 million
What happened here?
1860 the slave population made up half of South Carolina and
Mississippi’s population
2/5 of the population of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana.
Slaves were property, not people.
By 1837, the price of a “good” slave was $1,300.
After purchase, they cost $15-60/year to support.
Small planation vs. large (work and treatment)
Slave Revolts
Small % escaped and were free
Rebellion, especially on a large scale, stood little chance of
success.
Historians have documented scores of slave rebellions, most
were small, spontaneous responses to cruel treatment and
ended in tragic failure.
Significance: These were a white southerners nightmare!
In many communities, whites were outnumbered by slaves
Many southern states tightened restrictions on slaves to make sure this
didn’t happen again.
Virginia and North Carolina passed laws against teaching slaves to
read.
Some states prevented African Americans from moving freely or
meetings.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
31 year old black preacher.
Planned/carried out a violent uprising -1831.
Acting under what he believed was divine inspiration,
he led about 70 slaves in raids on white families in
southeastern VA.
Attacked 4 plantations, they killed 57 white people.
Local militia captured most of the rebels.
VA hanged about 20 of these slaves, including Turner.
Crowds of angry whites rioted, slaughtering about a hundred
African Americans who had had no part in the revolt.
Few Other Problems…
Poverty, alcoholism, illiteracy, overcrowded
housing, poor health care, abuse of women,
declining moral values.
These problems plagued cities early on.
Many people felt cities needed to reform.
It will begin with faith based reformers.
The Temperance Movement
Social problem of the early
1800’s.
At this point, Americans
consumed more alcoholic
beverages per person than any
other time in the country's
history.
An organized campaign to
eliminate alcohol consumption.
U.S. “actually threatened with
becoming a nation of drunkards.”
– Greene and Delaware Moral
Society, 1815
Women reformers particularly
saw it as threatening.
Abstinence: to not drink alcohol.
Temperance Movement (cont.)
By 1834 the American
Temperance Society had 7,000
local organizations with
1,250,000 members.
Abraham Lincoln, young
lawyer who saw Temperance
Movement like American
Revolution.
He looked forward to the
“happy day when…the victory
shall be complete – when there
shall be neither a slave nor a
drunkard on the earth.
Maine outlaws alcohol in 1851.
Protests of brewers, distillers,
and other citizens usually led
to repeal of such laws.
Public Education
Public Education needed to be reformed too!
Buildings were old, textbooks were scarce, teacher
quality was poor.
Many people began demanding tax-supported
public schools.
Democracy needs literate, informed voters and morally
upright citizens.
Opposition:
Tax payers with no kids, or kids went to private schools
hated this suggestion
Some families needed their kids to work and didn’t
want them going to school past a certain age.
Horace Mann – leads reforms!
Self-educated
Served in Mass legis.
State’s 1st Sec. of Board of
Ed.
Believed in “the absolute
right to an education of
every human being that
comes into the world.”
Wanted to raise taxes for
public ed.
Divided schools into grade
levels.
Established first public high
school in 1821.
Fought against slavery.
Moral Education
Like other middle-class
reformers, Mann wanted
an education that
promoted self-discipline
and good citizenship.
Schools taught kids how
to behave, stand in line to
wait turn, be polite to
others, and respect
authority.
Learned through
McGuffey’s Readers.
Promoted evangelical
Protestant values.
Limits of Reform
Schools more common in North than South.
Where schools did exist:
Girls discouraged from attending
Free blacks often turned away or were
segregated (separated according to race).
Some African American colleges opened.
Some private colleges became
coeducational.
For most part, only white males were
welcomed at Universities.
Reforming Prisons
In 1800’s many states built prisons for those
who committed crimes.
Supposed to be in isolation here for years.
Prisoners were supposed to lead regular,
disciplined lives, reflect on their sins, and
maybe become law abiding citizens.
But Dorothea Dix, a Boston schoolteacher,
found out otherwise…
Dorothea Dix
She discovered all kinds of people
(men, women, young/old, sane/insane,
first-timers, and repeat offenders) all
together in bad conditions.
Dressed in rags
Poorly fed
Chained together in unheated cells
Spent next 2 years going to all
prisons in Mass.
Submitted findings to Mass legislature.
Treating the Mentally ill as
criminals rather than patients, “is to
condemn them to mental death.”
She convinced state to improve
conditions and create separate
institutions for the mentally ill.
15 others states did the same!
Section #2:
The Antislavery Movement
Angry southerners in response to antislavery literature, ban
anti-slavery publications and made it illegal to teach slaves
to read.
Yet, fighters of the ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT (the
movement to end slavery), continued to fight!
From 1777-1807every state north of Maryland passes laws
that gradually abolish slavery.
No more importing slaves after 1808.
Different Approaches Continued:
The Colonization of Liberia
Early 1800’s some abolitionists favored
COLONIZATION, a program to send free blacks and
emancipated slaves to Africa.
American Colonization Society, 1816. Est. West African country
of Liberia in 1822.
Many white supporters of this didn’t believe in racial
equality.
Many wanted to rid the US of slavery & African Americans.
Some felt this would be good and not allow for slave revolts!
Tended to offend African Americans.
By 1831, only about 1,400 free African Americans had
migrated to Liberia.
Different methods:
Radical Abolitionism
Most famous were William Lloyd
Garrison and Frederick Douglass.
Fighting, writing, speaking out,
escaping, etc.
The Underground RR
Some reformers relied on other means to attack
slavery, both legal and illegal.
Some risked their lives and created the
Underground RR – a network of escape routes
that provided protection and transportation for
slaves fleeing north to freedom.
Men & women acting as conductors acted as
guides to these escaped slaves.
Number of escaped slaves varies from 40-100,000.
Black Moses – Harriet Tubman
Resistance to Abolitionism…
In the North?!?
Northern merchants were worried that the antislavery
movement would sour trade relations.
White workers and labor leaders feared competition from
escaped slaves willing to work for lower wages.
Many people did not want Af Amers in their community,
viewed them as socially inferior.
At public events of abolition, violence could erupt.
Stones and rotten eggs thrown at speakers
Voices drowned out with horns or drums.
Buildings were burnt down.
Sometimes people were shot and killed, like Elijay P. Lovejoy.
Opposition in the South
Most southerners were angered by the criticisms leveled at
slavery.
Attacks by abolitionists made many more southerners
determined to defend slavery.
It was very dangerous for southerners to speak against slavery.
Southern postmasters refused to deliver abolitionist
literature.
In 1836, southerners passed the GAG RULE, for the next
eight years prohibited antislavery petitions from being read
or acted upon in the House.
This was proof for abolitionists that slavery threatened the rights of
all Americans, white and black.
Section #3:
The Movement for Women’s Rights
Reformers believed that women were central to
success of a strong, democratic nation.
Some women suggested: start by reforming society
from within the home.
Cultural and Legal Limits on Women:
Many lower class women worked in factories.
Middle class women were freed from cooking and making
cloths, as more products appeared on shelves.
What should they do then?
Remain in the Home? Raise/educate children? Entertain
guests? Serve husbands? Do community service?
Certainly not dabble in politics!
Strict Legal Limitations
Women could not vote.
In most states, married women could not
own property.
Women, generally, could not keep money
they earned.
Instead they gave it to their husband or father.
Public Roles for Women
More women are becoming educated, more
grow eager to apply their knowledge and
skills beyond the home.
Became angry with laws/attitudes that
prevented them with doing so.
Participating in a movement
1st taste of the world outside family.
Many women began to identify with each other in
their bad positions in society.
Fighting for Abolition
Battle to end slavery is how women emerged into
the political world.
Women compared their situation with that of
enslaved African Americans.
Neither group could vote or hold office.
Both were denied full rights of citizens.
Women began to attend meetings, gather petitions,
give public talks, and write pamphlets/books.
Male Opposition
Many men were horrified with this
development.
Some men found it distasteful for women to
be involved politically.
Many people did think that women were
more virtuous then men, but that they
should use it in the home rather than the
public.
A Women’s Rights Movement
1840 – first World Anti-Slavery Convention
in London.
American women were not allowed to attend.
Two delegates said, “hey, let’s throw our own!”
July 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York… first
women’s rights convention in US History.
Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton delivered the
Declaration of Sentiments.
Excerpt from:
Declaration of Sentimates
“The history of mankind is a history of repeated
injuries and usurpations [seizure of power] on the
part of man toward women, …[to establish]
absolute tyranny over her…[B]ecause women do
feel themselves aggrieved, oppressed, and
fraudulently deprived of their most sacred moral
rights, we insist that they have immediate
admission to all the rights and privileges which
belong to them as citizens of the United States.”
Seneca Falls Convention
They passed 12
resolutions.
Signed by 68 women
and 32 men.
They urged women to
demand equal legal
and political rights.
9th resolution called
for women’s suffrage.
This resolution split
women all over the
world.
Slow Progress for Women’s Rights
The S.F. Convention did not trigger an immediate
downpour of rights.
Most Americans still felt as though women should do
improve society in the home only.
By 1890 – more than 2,500 women/year graduated
from college.
Educated women began to appear in jobs that they had
once been forbidden to do.
For African American women, the issue of
emancipation was more pressing as opposed to
women’s rights.