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Religious Reform

Second Great Awakening – Started out of Jacksonian Democracy/ reaction to Enlightenment belief in goodness of man/ changing roles of men and women – Charles Finney/ Lyman Beecher – God all powerful, but humans choose their own destinies (very opposite of Calvinist predestination) – “Burned Over District”- Upstate NY – Adventists – Increase church attendance Restorationism Deism- reason/observation of natural world…

Uni

tarianism- anti-Trinity Shakers-

Similarities/Differences from original Great Awakening

 Similarities – • Marked by revivals and emphasis on morality/religious teaching – • Uniquely American with political and social significance – • Did influence new protestant sects – • Influences the “backcountry”  Differences – 1 st New England…. 2 nd - Western NY – 2 nd -More women involved – 2 nd - Inspired culture/art/society

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Mormons

Joseph Smith- Angel Moroni brought him golden plates, its translations made up the Book of Mormon (4 th century prophet) – Connection between Native Americans and the lost tribes of Israel    NY>>Ohio>>Missouri>>Chicago Murdered by local mob Brigham Young- march to Salt Lake- New Zion… Why Utah????

– To escape persecution – At the time, it was Mexican territory – Polygamy

Communals

      Shakers New Harmony Brook Farm Oneida Backwoods utopias Communistic

 You will see by this sketch that there is no such thing as a transcendental party ; that there is no pure transcendentalist; that we know of no one but prophets and heralds of such a philosophy; that all who by strong bias of nature have leaned to the spiritual side in doctrine, have stopped short of their goal. We have had many harbingers and forerunners; but of a purely spiritual life, history has afforded no example. I mean, we have yet no man who has leaned entirely on his character, and eaten angels' food; who, trusting to his sentiments, found life made of miracles; who, working for universal aims, found himself fed, he knew not how; clothed, sheltered, and weaponed, he knew not how, and yet it was done by his own hands. ... Shall we say, then, that transcendentalism is the wish.

Saturnalia or excess of Faith; the presentiment of a faith proper to man in his integrity, excessive only when his imperfect obedience hinders the satisfaction of his

Transcendentalism

    Ralph Waldo Emerson/ Henry David Thoreau/ Walden Pond True knowledge or ideal spiritual state “transcends”, or is unable to know through the physical and empirical world Individual intuition, and not doctrine, gets you to more enlightened learning Non-violent protests – Didn’t pay taxes – Jailed – abolitionists

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Education

Horace Mann Free public education Most states eventually had taxes pay for public elementary schools High School very rare – 3 R’s – Teachers often were “fly by night” Longer school years Teacher preparation McGuffey Readers- education and morality textbooks 1 room schoolhouse

Prisons/Mentally ill

  Dorothea Dix Toured prisons throughout US – Debtors/ hardcore criminals and mentally retarded people in same jails – Mentally retarded chained to the walls  Purpose of jails – Originally punitive – She alters it to “correction” “reform” “rehabilitation”  She leads way for mental hospitals

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Temperance Movement

The goal was to reduce, not necessarily end drinking! Why?

 Moral/Health  Work/$$ Who?

  Women/ Northeast Former alcoholics Successful???

 1830- 7.1 gallons year, 1850- 1.8 gallons year  Maine 1851 banned alcohol  13 states before Civil War at one time or another banned alcohol  18 th Amendment Prohibition (1919)

Alcohol Consumption in US

And you thought you had a bad hangover the next morning?

I thought the goal was to stop us from drinking???????

Womens Movement

   Cult of domesticity/ “the submerged sex” 1800’s market economy set clear and specific roles for men and women, enhancing their differences Catharine Beecher/LucretiaMott/ Amelia Bloomer/Susan B. Anthony/ Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Seneca Falls Convention

     Elizabeth Cady Stanton “Declaration of Sentiments” • Reread Dec. of Independence and put “women” in “History of Women’s Suffrage” Start of women fight for voting rights National Women’s Rights Convention Worcester Mass.

Criticism of Seneca Falls Convention

  "A discussion of the rights of animals would be regarded with far more complacency by many of what are called the wise and the good of our land, than would be a discussion of the rights of woman.“ Opinion written by former slave and abolitionist Frederick Douglass in his newspaper the “North Star”

Conflict between Abolitionists and Women’s Rights

  Why did the women’s movement start?

• They felt left out at abolitionist conferences • Garrison’s World Anti-Slavery Conference refused to allow women to attend the convention Abolitionists refused to tie in women’s rights to the anti-slavery issue. Why????

Nature

  John Audubon • Audubon Society Birds of America

Art

      Charles Peale • Portraits (GW) John Trumbull • military Hudson River School Landscape based Thomas Cole Asher Durand

 “The Exhumation of the Mastedon”

Difference of Peale vs. Trumbull?

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Looking at the people in the painting, what scene is this depicting?

Architecture

    Thomas Jefferson Classic Greek/Roman Colonial Style Why is this slide pretty bare in the number of notable architects?

• US was growing, not grown, so they didn’t have time for splendid buildings, we needed functionality!!!!

• If it works, its beautiful!!!

Literature

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Knickerbocker School

• Washington Irving  Rip van Winkle  Legend of Sleepy Hollow • James Fenimore Cooper • Leatherstocking Tales (Last of the Mohicans) • Louisa May Alcott- Little Women • Melville-Moby Dick • George Bancroft- “Father of American History”

Poetry

     Emerson and Thoreau Dickinson Walt Whitman Edgar Allen Poe Longfellow

Thoreau

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Epitaph On The World

Here lies the body of this world, Whose soul alas to hell is hurled. This golden youth long since was past, Its silver manhood went as fast, An iron age drew on at last; 'Tis vain its character to tell, The several fates which it befell, What year it died, when 'twill arise, We only know that here it lies.

                  If I should die, And you should live, And time should gurgle on, And morn should beam, And noon should burn, As it has usual done; If birds should build as early, And bees as bustling go,- One might depart at option From enterprise below! 'Tis sweet to know that stocks will stand When we with daisies lie, That commerce will continue, And trades as briskly fly. It make the parting tranquil And keeps the soul serene, That gentlemen so sprightly Conduct the pleasing scene!