Transcript Document

 Stone Age clambakes
 Polynesians – beginning around 30,000 B.C.
 Sailed extensively through the Pacific
 Stick charts
 Colonized: Samoa, New Zealand, Easter Island, Hawaii
 By 2000 B.C. – Phoenicians were accomplished
mariners
 Commerce & Colonies
 Mediterranean
 Through Strait of Gibraltar & into Atlantic
 4th century B.C. – Aristotle – 1st marine biologist
 Gills are breathing structures of fish
 Library at Alexandria
 Dark Ages – most scientific study halted in Europe;
much knowledge lost
 995 A.D. – Leif Eriksson discovered N. America
 North Atlantic
 Detailed knowledge of currents, wind, tides, ocean
phenomena
 Arab traders – learned about wind and current
patterns
 1450s – Prince Henry the Navigator
 Recognizes ocean’s potential for trade/commerce
 Establishes 1st oceanographic institute
 1492 – Columbus rediscovers America
 1519 – Magellan – 1st expedition to sail around globe
 1736 – John Harrison invents 1st chronometer
 Spring-operated clock
 Necessary for determining longitude
 1768 – James Cook
 Uses chronometer in his journeys
 1770 – Ben Franklin
 1st map of Gulf Stream
 1831 – HMS Beagle
 Map coastlines
 Darwin made detailed observations of natural world
 1840s - Matthew Maury
 1840s – 1850s – Edward Forbes
 Dredged the sea floor
 Discovered many new species
 Different life at different depths
Marine Labs
 1872 – Stazione Zoologica – Naples, Italy
 1st Marine Lab
 1879 – Laboratory of Marine Biological Society of the
United Kingdom – Plymouth
 1870s-1880s – Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods
Hole, Massachusetts
 1900s – Polar Expeditions
 1940s-1950s –Thor Heyerdahl
 Recreates trips of Polynesians
SCUBA
 Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 Developed by Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnon
post WWII
 Scuba opened a new world to marine scientists
 Prior to its development, divers were restricted by the
length of the air tube coming from their ship
WWII
 Sonar (sound navigation ranging)
 Developed to detect enemy submarines