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Degenerative Diseases of
the CNS
劉秀枝
Hsiu-Chih Liu, MD
National Yang-Ming University School
of Medicine
Department of Neurology
Veterans General Hospital
Taipei
References:
1.Victor M, Ropper AH. Degenerative diseases
of the nervous system. In Adams and Victor’s
Principles of Neurology, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill,
2001, pp 1106-1174.
2.Scarpini E, et al. Treatment of Alzheimer’s
disease: current status and new perspective.
Lancet Neurology 2003;2:39-547.
.
Clinical Characteristics of
Neurodegnerative Diseases




Insidious onset
Gradually progressive course
Familial occurrence
Bilateral symmetry
General pathologic Features of
Neurodegenerative diseases
 Selective involvement
(Selective vulnerability)
 CSF and neuroimaging
usually normal
Degenerative Diseases of the CNS
 Cerebral cortex
Alzheimer disease
Frontotemporal dementia
Lewy body disease
 Basal ganglia
Huntington disease
 Basal ganglia / brainstem
Progressive suparnuclear palsy
Striatonigral degeneration
Degenerative Diseases of the CNS
 Midbrain
Parkinson disease
 Brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord
Friedreich’s ataxia
Olivopontocerebellar atrophy
Spinocerebellar atrophy
 Spinal Cord
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Spinobulbar muscular atrophy
Spinal muscular atrophy
Classification of Neurodegnerative
Disorders By Syndromes
1. Progressive dementia
2. Progressive dementia with
other neurological abnormalities
3. Disordered posture and movement
4. Progressive ataxia
5. Muscular weakness and atrophy
6. Spastic paraplegia
7. Progressive blindness or
ophthalmoplegia
8. Neurosensory deafness
Dementias Can be Classified by Initial Symptoms
BEHAVIORAL
DISORDER
MOVEMENT
DISORDER
ALS
FRONTAL
DEMENTIA
PICK’S
DISEASE
HD
PARKINSON’S
PSP
DISEASE
CBD
VasD
LEWY BODY
DISEASE
ALZHEIMER’S
DISEASE
SEMANTIC
DEMENTIA
DEMENTIA
IN DOWN’S
PPA
LINGUISTIC
PCA
CJD
DISORDER
OTHER
MEMORY
DISORDER
Dementia
 Acquired syndrome of decline in
memory and at least one other
cognitive function (e.g., apraxia,
aphasia, agnosia) sufficient to
affect daily life in an alert person.
-Small et al. JAMA 1997;278:1363-1371
 Delirium (譫妄)
 Amnesia (失憶)
 Dementia(失智、痴呆)
失智症(癡呆症) Dementia
老年失智症
(老年癡呆症)
阿茲海默症
Senile dementia
Alzheimer’s Disease
Senile dementia of
the Alzheimer’s type
(SDAT)
失智症:
醫療資源、公共衛生的
重大議題
•失智症的盛行率(65歲): 2.5% ~ 5.0%
•台灣65歲以上人口 (2002年8月): 200
萬
•估計台灣有五萬(2.5%)~十萬(5%)
失智症人口
其他
Other
dementia
10-20%
混合性
Mixed
dementia
10%
血管性失智
Vascular
dementia
10-20%
阿茲海默症
Alzheimer’s
disease
50-60%
失智症的診斷
1. 病史
2. 身體及神經檢查
3. 心智評估:
MMSE,CASI,ADAS-Cog,Clock,CDR
4. 實驗室檢查
AD
DSM-IV, NINCDS-ADRDA
Clinical Dementia Rating Scale
(CDR, 臨床失智評分表) 將認知功能分成:
• 記憶
• 定向力
• 社區事務 • 家居及嗜好
• 判斷及解決問題
• 個人照料
依五個不同嚴重的缺損程度評分 (由輕到
重):
0 (健康)
1 (輕度)
0.5 (疑似或輕微)
2 (中度)
3 (重度)
”個人照料” 無 0.5 的缺損程度評分.
只評估因認知功能失常所造成的缺損程度
若在兩個程度當中, 請圈選嚴重程度
失智症之實驗室檢查
必要常規檢查
特殊病情需要
血液常規(CBC)
紅血球沈澱速率
生化檢查(肝腎功能)
愛滋病檢查
維他命B12濃度
胸部X光、尿液檢查
甲狀腺功能
神經心理測驗
梅毒血清檢查
腦脊髓液檢查
腦部電腦斷層或磁振照影 腦電波
單光子電腦斷層檢查
(PET/SPECT)
阿茲海默症 (AD)
 最常見的失智症
The most common disease causing dementia
 大腦退化 (neurodegeneration): 類澱粉斑 (amyloid
plaques)及神經纖維叢 (neurofibrillary tangles)
 神經傳導素以乙醯膽鹼之減少為主
Deficiency of acetylcholine
 臨床診斷
A clinical diagnosis with no specific biological markers
 平均存活8-12年
Average survival: 8-12 years
DSM-IV阿茲海默症的診斷標準
(1994)
A、多種認知障礙
(1)記憶障礙(無法學習新知或回想)
(2)以下其中至少一項
(a)失語症(aphasia)
(b)失用症(apraxia)
(c)認識不能(agnosia)
(d)執行功能障礙 (executive function)
B、A1及A2的障礙足以影響到社交或工作,
而且比以前為差
The Molecular Pathogenesis
of Alzheimer’s Disease
 Senile plaques:
beta/A4 peptide
(beta-amyloid,amyloid beta-protein)
beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP)
 Neurofibrillary tangles:
paired helical filaments(PHF)
microtubule-associated protein (MAP)
tau proteins
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Signs
Dementia
Familial
~5 %
Onset
FAD, mid life: sporadic AD, late life
Duration
8-12 years
Chromosomal loci
21,14,1,early FAD. 19,late FAD
Gene (chromosome)
APP (21), presenilin-1(14), presenilin-2(1)
in FAD families; ApoE4(19) in late neurons
Selective vulnerability
Cortical, hippocampal,and basal forbrain
cholinergic neurons
Cytoskeletal pathology
Neurofibrillary tangles, neurites.
Neuropil threads
Death of neurons
Severe
Amyloid
A β deposits
Animal models
Aged nonhuman primates: APP transgenic
mice
阿茲海默症的治療
Treatment of AD
 照顧者輔導諮詢, 減少負擔, 避免意外及感染
Educational interventions of caregivers
 其他非藥物治療
Other nonpharmacologic interventions, such as
behavioral modification, music therapy
 精神及行為異常之處理
Pharmacotherapy for behavioral problems
 知能改善
Pharmacotherapy for cognitive symptoms
阿茲海默氏症之異常行為
(Behavioral Problems)
症 狀
冷
漠(apathy)
激
動(agitation)
焦
慮(anxiety)
易
怒(irritability)
憂
鬱(depression)
過度活動(motor behavior)
失去控制(disinhibition)
食慾改變(appetite change)
夜晚行為(night behavior)
妄
想(delusions)
幻
想(hallucinations)
發生率
70%
60%
45%
42%
38%
38%
36%
31%
24%
22%
10%
阿茲海默症之知能改善治療
Pharmacotherapy for cognitive symptoms
 改善知能障礙
(Symptomatic therapies)
 停止疾病的進行
(Disease-modifying drugs)
 根治或預防阿茲海默症
(Cure or prevention)
阿茲海默氏症的症狀治療
(Symptomatic treatment)
 增加乙醯膽鹼的藥物
(1)乙醯膽鹼酵素抑制劑
(Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)
(2)Muscarinic agonists
(3)Nicotinic agonists
(4)Acetylcholine precursors
 非乙醯膽鹼藥物
Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
Presynaptic
Acetyl CoA
ChAT
Choline
ACh release
ACh
Choline +
acetate
ACh
AChE
ACh
ChE inhibitor
ACh
ACh
Postsynaptic
ACh receptors
ChE inhibitors reduce
acetylcholine hydrolysis
in remaining neurons
and help to normalize
cholinergic function
乙醯膽鹼酶抑制劑 (Ach-I)
The standard therapy for AD
Double-blind, placebo-control trials, class I evidence

Cognex (Tacrine) (1993, 2000)
 Aricept (Donepezil) 愛憶欣 (1996,1998)
 Exelon (Rivastigmine) 憶思能 (2000, 2000)
 Reminyl (Galantamine)利憶靈 (2001, 2002)
No predictors of response
乙醯膽鹼酶抑制劑(AchE-I)
 療效: 相當, modest, 25 - 50% responders
阿症量表 (ADAS-cog) 2 – 5 分
Aricept (2.9-3.1), Exelon (1.6-3.8),Reminyl (0.1-3.4)
No predictors of responders
 副作用: 噁心, 嘔吐, 頭暈, 腹瀉
 藥物的選擇主要考慮其副作用
及使用的方便性
阿茲海默症之非乙醯膽鹼的
藥物治療
 Hydergine
 Piracetam (Nootropil)
 Gingko biloba (銀杏)
 Memantine: glutamate NMDA
antagonist
減緩阿茲海默症知能減退之藥物
(Disease Modify drugs)
女性賀爾蒙 (Estrogen)
抗發炎藥物 (Anti-inflammatory agents,
NSAID)
抗氧化物 (Antioxidants):維他命E,
Selegiline
Elio Scarpini, LANCET Neurol 2003; 2:539-47
Mutations
Risk factors
Amyloid production
and aggregation
Nerve cell loss
Neurochemical deficits
Dementia syndrome
老年失智之危險因子
 遺傳性:
年齡、女性、家族史
唐氏症候群、Apolipoprotein E4
 非遺傳性:
(1)低教育
(2)嚴重腦外傷
(3)中年高血壓
(4)老年憂鬱症
Cognitive Continuum
Normal
正常
Mild Cognitive
impairment (MCI)
輕度知能減退
Dementia
失智症
Criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment
(MCI)
 Memory complaint corroborated by
an informant
 Normal general cognitive function
 Normal activities of daily living
 Memory impairment for age and
education
 Not demented
Current Prevention Trials
Celecoxib vs. Placebo
Cognitive Function
1.Donepezil vs. Vitamin E vs.
Placebo
2.Rivastigmine vs. Placebo
AAMI
MCI
Time
AD
Syndrome of Progressive Dementia
 Diffuse cerebral atrophy
Alzheimer’s disease
Diffuse Lewy-body dementia
 Circumscribed cerebral atrophy
Pick’s disease
(Frontotemporal dementia)
DLB
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
• AD與DLB界線模糊
– 相似的病理特徵 : 神經炎斑neuritic plaques
(較少神經纖維纏結)
– 大腦之膽鹼性cholinergic神經傳導出現缺陷
– LB出現在大腦皮質,故臨床上很早(初期)出現失智症狀
– 進行性的失智病程
– 三大臨床症狀 (至少有兩種)
(1) 波動性認知損傷、特別是缺乏注意力
(2) 視幻覺、其它精神紊亂特徵
(3) 帕金森氏徵候群
• 治療的挑戰
– 對抗精神藥物、AChE-I 特別敏感, 會出現 椎體外症候群
– 會引起嚴重、致死的過敏反應,死亡率高出2-3倍
Examples of Differential Clinical Features*
Diagnosis
Clinical Features
Alzheimer’s
disease
Memory, language and visuospatial
disturbances, indifference, delusions,
agitation
Frontotemporal Marked personality changes, relative
dementia
preservation of visuospatial skills,
executive dysfunction
Lewy body
dementia
VA Guidelines p.23
Marked visual hallucinations,
delusions, fluctuating mental status,
neuroleptic Sensitivity