Transcript Profile of Youth in India - District Level Household

Profile of Youth in India
Analysis of NFHS-3 Data
NFHS-3, India
• Youth in India constitutes one-fifth of
total population.
• The youth population has an important
role to play as potential demographic
dividend by constituting skilled stock of
human capital.
• The youth population also has an
important role in demographic evolution.
NFHS-3, India
National Youth Policy-2003
The commitment of the entire nation to the
composite and all round development of the young
sons and daughters of India and seeks to establish
an All-India perspective to fulfill their legitimate
aspirations so that they are all strong of heart and
strong of body and mind in successfully
accomplishing the challenging task of national
reconstruction and social changes that lie ahead.
NFHS-3, India
Contents of Presentation
 Profile of youth
 Knowledge about selected health related issues
 Attitudes towards selected population, health and
gender concerns
 Behaviour of youth in health related spheres
 Health and nutritional profile of youth
NFHS-3, India
Profile of Youth
– Education
– Mass media exposure
– Employment
– Marriage
NFHS-3, India
UNFPA definition of youth, population
- age 15-24 - is adopted for this report
• NFHS-3 interviewed 47,590 women and 24,997 men
age 15-24:
Age-group
Women
Men
15-19
20-24
15-24
24,811
22,779
47,590
13,008
11,989
24,997
• 31% of women and 38% of men are from urban areas
• 37% of women and 32% of men are from the two lowest
wealth quintiles
NFHS-3, India
Literacy Rates Among Youth
Age-group
Women
Men
15-19
74
89
20-24
15-24
25-49
64
69
46
84
86
73
Literacy rate among women
•
•
•
•
Age 15-77% , age 24 - 63%
Urban 86%, rural 62%
Never married 84%, ever married 55%
Poorest HHs 33%, richest HHs 97%
NFHS-3, India
Education Among Youth
Completed years of education
No education
< 5 years complete
5-7 years complete
8-9 years complete
10-11 years complete
12+ years complete
Total
Women (%)
26
Men (%)
10
7
18
20
15
8
18
27
19
14
100
19
100
• 29% of women (47% of urban and 20% of rural) have 10+
years of schooling.
• 38% of men (49% of urban and 31% of rural) have 10+ years
of schooling.
NFHS-3, India
School Enrollment Among Youth
School attendance rate at age 15-17
Women
68 73
Men
54
44
39
30
45
28
20
13
Poorest
Poorer
Middle
Richer
Richest
34% of women and
49% of men age
15-17 attended
school in the year
2004-05.
Most youth are exposed to some form of
media
– 70% of women and 88% of men have at least
weekly exposure to television, radio, or
newspapers/magazines.
– Majority of women with no education and women
in rural areas are not regularly exposed to any
media.
NFHS-3, India
Employment among Youth
Women
Men
63
65
34
33
78
79
34
33
87
89
92
34
36
36
49
43
35
33
33
31
15
Percent
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
NFHS-3, India
Many youth are economically active.
• 36% of women and 67% of men age 15-24 are
employed.
• Almost all men with no education and ever
married men are employed.
• The majority of employed women are
agricultural workers; whereas, there is greater
diversity in male employment.
• Less than two-thirds of employed women (63%)
earn cash for their work, compared with 88
percent of employed men.
NFHS-3, India
Percentage of Married Youth by Age
Figures in white indicate percentage
married excluding gauna not performed
Women
53
42
63
70
69
75
75
80
80
86
86
8
Men
62
52
26 40
12
Figures in yellow indicate percentage
married including gauna not performed
18
23
14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
36
27
20
51
40 50
34
39
26
8 9 18
3
2 2
5 7
2
0 0
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
NFHS-3, India
Many youth marry below legal age at marriage
• Half of women and about one in five men age
15-24 are married.
• 19% of women age 15-17 and 7% of men age
15-20 are married.
• In Bihar (38%), Jharkhand (36%), Rajasthan
(31%), and West Bengal (26%) more than onefourth of women age 15-17 are arried, though
many of them have not started living with
husband.
NFHS-3, India
Many youth are heading households
– One percent of women and 8% of men age 15-24
are household heads.
– 29% of currently married men age 15-24 are
heading their own households.
– Youth in households headed by youth are poorer
than youth in households headed by someone
who is older.
NFHS-3, India
Knowledge of Youth of Selected Family
Planning and Health Issues
• Knowledge of family planning methods
• Awareness of AIDS
• Knowledge of HIV/AIDS
NFHS-3, India
Most youth have heard of available modern
contraceptive spacing methods
• 93% of women know of female sterilization, but only
83 percent know about pills and 71 percent each
know about IUDs and condoms.
• 93% of men know about condoms, but only 78
percent know about pills and 37 percent know about
the IUD.
• Only 8% of women and 15% of men know about
emergency contraception.
NFHS-3, India
A majority of youth lack comprehensive
knowledge of HIV/AIDS
• About two-thirds of women and 88 percent of men
have heard of AIDS .
• Three out of four men know that the risk of HIV/AIDS
can be reduced by condom use or by limiting sex to
one uninfected partner; however, less than half of
women know about these ways of HIV/AIDS
prevention.
• Only 20 percent of women and 36 percent of men
have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS.
• In many states, less than one-half of women have
heard of AIDS.
NFHS-3, India
In high HIV prevalence states many youth
are not aware of AIDS.
• In two high HIV prevalence states of Manipur
and Tamil Nadu, almost all young women and men
are aware of AIDS.
• In the remaining four high prevalence states of
Maharashtra, Nagaland, Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka less than 76-86 percent of women but
90-95 percent men know of AIDS.
NFHS-3, India
Youth’s Attitudes toward Selected
Population, Health and Gender Concerns
• Family size preference
• Family life education
• Gender role attitudes
NFHS-3, India
Family Size Preferences
Percent distribution of women and men by ideal number of children
Women
Men
0
1
1
5 3 11
15
22
5
2
13
0
1
11
2
3
3
4+
65
4+
nonnumeric
67
Nonnumeric
NFHS-3, India
Youth’s attitude toward gender roles is, in general, no
more egalitarian than the attitude of the older cohort
age 25-49
• More than half of youth (53% of women and 56%
of men) agree that it is justified for a husband to
beat his wife under specific circumstances.
• About two-thirds of youth (64% of women and
68% of men) believe that a woman is justified in
refusing to have sex with her husband for specific
reasons.
NFHS-3, India
Behaviour of Youth in Health related
Spheres
•
•
•
•
Initiation of fertility
Family planning use and unmet need
Sexual behaviour
Consumption of tobacco and alcohol
NFHS-3, India
Initiation of childbearing
Percentage of women who have begun
childbearing by age
59
68
73
81
49
36
24
3
6
15
16
13
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Age
NFHS-3, India
Early childbearing is the main feature of
India’s fertility pattern
 According to current fertility schedule, by the
time a woman in India reaches age 25, she already
has on an average 1.5 children.
 More than half of total fertility is realized by the
time women reaches age 25.
 In all the states except Goa, by the time women
reach age 25, they already have on an average at
least one child.
NFHS-3, India
Trend in Contraceptive Prevalence Rate
Percentage of currently married
women
33
28
26
21
20
16
13
7
8
15-19 years
20-24 years
NFHS-1
NFHS-2
15-24 years
NFHS-3
NFHS-3, India
Family Planning Method Choice of Youth
• Among the teenagers, the methods most often used
are rhythm (4%), condom (3%), and withdrawal and pill
(2% each).
• One percent of teenagers have already undergone
sterilization.
• Among the age group 20-24, female sterilization is
the preferred method. 13% of women age 20-24 are
sterilized.
• Among women age 20-24 also, 7 percent of women
have chosen traditional methods, though condom (6%)
and pill (4%) are also used by a sizeable proportion.
NFHS-3, India
Pattern of contraceptive use by youth
reveals son preference
Percentage of currently married women with
two children using contraception
58
50
50
Both sons
43
One son, one
daughter
31
24
Any method
Both daughters
Sterilization
NFHS-3, India
Youth in India has a large unmet need for
family planning.
• 27% of teenage women and 21% of women age
20-24 have unmet need for family planning.
• 25% of teenage women and 15% of women age
• 20-24 have unmet need for spacing.
• There has been is only a small decrease in the unmet
need for family planning since NFHS-2.
NFHS-3, India
Early marriage leads to early initiation of
sexual activity among women
• 51% of women and 27% of men age 15-24
have ever had sexual intercourse.
• One in every 10 women and 2% of men had
sexual intercourse before age 15 years.
• Among never married youth, 12% of men and
less than 1% of women report ever having had
sexual intercourse.
NFHS-3, India
There is evidence of higher-risk sex among male
youth unprotected by condom use.
• Among youth who have ever had sexual inter-course,
men on average have had 1.8 partners, and women have
had slightly more than one partner.
• Among the 22% of men who had sexual intercourse in
the 12 months prior to the survey, a little more than
one-quarter had higher-risk intercourse, i.e., they had
intercourse with a partner who was neither a spouse nor
lived with them.
• Among men who had higher-risk sexual intercourse, a
little more than one-third used a condom at last higherrisk intercourse.
NFHS-3, India
T
Tobacco use and alcohol consumption are
matters of concern.
• 40% of men use tobacco in some form, including 19%
who smoke cigarettes/bidis and 30 percent who
consume paan masala, gutkha, or other tobacco
products.
• 5% of female youth report tobacco use, mainly in the
form of chewing tobacco.
• One-fifth of young men and 1 percent of young
• women age 15-24 consume alcohol.
• Tobacco and alcohol consumption begin early: Even
among men who are only 15 years of age, 16 percent
use some form of tobacco and 6 percent consume
alcohol.
NFHS-3, India
T
Tobacco use and alcohol consumption among
men begin early
Smoke
Use Tobacco
Drinks Alcohol
Percentage
50
39
23
8
9
66
9
12
15
16
17
54
57
31
32
32
29
28
31
22
23
24
48
38
28
16
56
15
18
17
18
18
19
24
28
23
25
20
21
Age
NFHS-3, India
Health and Nutritional Profile of Youth
• Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections
• Prevalence of HIV
• Nutritional status
• Anaemia
• Domestic violence
NFHS-3, India
Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections
(STIs) and STI Symptoms
Percentage of women and men who ever had sexual intercourse reporting
having an STI and/or symptoms of STI in the past 12 months
11
11
11
11
7
15-19
4
20-24
25-49
Women
Men
NFHS-3, India
Prevalence of STIs and STI symptoms is higher
among never married men.
13
12
11
11
9
7
6
6
6
Ever married
5
15-19
20-24
Urban
Never married
Rural
Total
NFHS-3, India
HIV Prevalence Among Youth
Women
Total
0.07
0.17
Men
%
0.01
0.19
0.16
0.09
0.11
0.08
0.14
0.09
0.11
0.09
0.10
Age
15-19
20-24
Residence
Urban
Rural
Total
0.04
0.18
NFHS-3, India
HIV Prevalence Among Youth in High HIV
States
Percentage
0.48
0.39 0.38
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.29
Women
Men
0.18
0.14
0
Maharashtra
Tamil Nadu
Andhra
Pradesh
Karnataka
Manipur
NFHS-3, India
Nutritional Status of Youth
2
51
6
2
5
18
13
40
53
60
60
52
Overweight/obese
Normal
Total thin
47
15-19
58
41
20-24
36
31
25-49
Women
15-19
27
20-24 25-49
Men
NFHS-3, India
Anaemia Among Youth
56%
57%
2
2
15
17
56%
Severe
2
Moderate
Mild
15
30%
1
39
38
39
12
17
15-19
20-24
Women
25-49
15-19
19%
24%
1
1
7
10
11
13
20-24
25-49
Men
NFHS-3, India
The high prevalence of spousal violence is a continuing
hurdle to the achievement of health goals and gender
equality
• More than one in three married female youth (37%)
have experienced physical, sexual, or emotional
violence by their husband.
• Seven percent of all female youth and 11 percent of
married female youth have experienced sexual
violence.
NFHS-3, India
Concluding Remarks
• To fully exploit the demographic dividend, India’s youth
need to be healthy, educated, skilled and forward looking.
However, the report points out a few weak areas.
– A sizeable proportion lacks education, even literacy
– Early marriage
– Burdened with childbearing and rearing
– Large unmet need for family planning
– Poor nutritional status
– Substance abuse
In knowledge, attitude and behaviour youth is not very
different from the older counterpart.
NFHS-3, India
Concluding Remarks
• In knowledge, attitude and behaviour use is
not very different from the older counterpart.
NFHS-3, India
Thank You
NFHS-3, India