New Business Venture: Ielios Energy
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Transcript New Business Venture: Ielios Energy
Mechanical CHP
Gas-Engine Driven
Heat Pump Hot Water Heaters
Stephen Lafaille, PE
7/24/2013
1
Why is a boiler like an iceberg?
7/20/2015
2
Water Heating Costs
$
$
$
7/20/2015
First Costs
$
Fuel
Costs
$
$
$
3
Concept
E
A2
Heat Out
Engine
Waste
Heat
A
A1
Compressor
B
Natural
Gas
Condenser
5 kW
Generator
for
Parasitics
D
78 °F Ambient
120 °F Hot Water
Refrigeration
Cycle
C
Heat From
Outdoor Air
FREE
ENERGY!!!
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Air-Cooled
Evaporator
4
Equipment Comparison
Gas Engine Driven Heat Pump Water Heater
COP = 2.0 (Source Efficiency)
= 5.5 (Site Efficiency)
Commercial Electric Heat Pump Water Heater
COP = 1.2 (Source Efficiency)
= 4.0 (Site Efficiency)
Remember a BTU of Electricity is approximately 4X the cost of a BTU of Gas!
Boiler
COP = 0.85 (85%) (Source Efficiency)
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Conditions: Producing 120°F Hot Water @ 78°F Ambient
5
Source Efficiency Comparison
Overall
Efficiency
Natural Gas
Heat Pump
Water
Heater
200
100
Units of
Energy
Units of
Heat
η=33%
Electric
Heat Pump
Water
Heater
Gas Boiler
7/20/2015
166
Units of
Energy
55
6% Loss
200%
50
200
Units of
Heat
120%
Power
Plant
235
Units of
Energy
200
Units of
Heat
Conditions: Producing 120°F Hot Water @ 78°F Ambient
85%
6
Operating Cost Comparison
Example: Hotel/Condo/Hospital
Average thermal load per month = 4000 therms
400 MMbtu or 117,200 kWh monthly
or
4800 MMBtu or 1,406,400 kWh annually
Assumptions: Natural Gas = $0.90/therm
Electricity = $0.12/kWh (Blended Rate)
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7
Operating Cost Comparison
COP = 2.0
$27,600*
4800 MMBtu
(2400 MMBtu)
COP = 4.0 (Site Efficiency)
$42,192
4800 MMBtu
(351,600 kWh)
COP = 0.85
$50,823
4800 MMBtu
(5647 MMBtu)
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*Includes service cost estimated at $6000
8
Applications
Domestic Hot Water
Pool heating
Laundry/Food Prep
Process Heating
Food/Beverage
Manufacturing
Desiccant Regeneration
Summer Reheat (Humidity Control)
Building Types
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Hotels
Condos
Correctional Facilities
Nursing Homes
Hospitals
Spa/Health Clubs
Universities
Manufacturing Facilities
9
Federal Incentives
Gas Engine Driven Heat Pumps qualify for the
10% Investment Tax Credit as it is considered
mechanical CHP. This is available until December
21, 2016.
Per section 48(a)(3)(A)(v) of the IRC the CHP Tax
Credit is defined as:
“A property compromising of a system which uses the same
energy source for simultaneous or sequential generation of
electrical power, mechanical shaft power, or both, in
combination with the generation of steam or other forms of
useful thermal energy (including heating and cooling
applications”
For equipment placed in service in 2013, 50%
Bonus Depreciation (MACRS) is also available.
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10
Utility Incentives
This type of equipment falls either under existing
incentive programs with several utilities or under
custom programs
Many utilities will pay $1.00/therm saved in the
first year. This could be anywhere from $15,000$30,000 depending on the installation.
Incentives currently available through, National
Grid & NSTAR in New England
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11
Features and Benefits
Hot Water delivery temperature 100°F-165°F
Can reach much higher temperatures than electric heat
pumps due to engine waste heat
Also due to higher efficiency can run down to < 20°F
and still be much more efficient than boilers/electric
heat pumps
Twice the efficiency of a boiler means cutting
heating costs and carbon footprint in half
Engines now have ultra low emissions with near
zero criteria pollutants
Simple installation to existing hot water system
Modular & Scalable
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12
What about the service??
New industrial engines are very advanced
Electronic ignition-no more spark plug wires to change!
Variable valve timing
Extremely durable
Very long service intervals
Factory service programs available from most
manufacturers
Usually a fixed rate billed per run hour
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Facility manager’s know their service costs for the year up
front-no surprises.
13
Mechanical CHP
Advanced Inverter Based CHP Systems
Boston Chapter of ASHRAE
Jeffrey Glick - Tecogen Inc.
7/20/2015
14
Combined Heat & Power (aka cogeneration)
Definition: The simultaneous production of two useful outputs
(electricity + heat) from a single fuel source
27.0%
Electricity out
100.0%
100 kW
Gas in
1,263,000 Btu/hr
55.4%
Thermal out
700,000 Btu/hr
2-for-1:
“A generator that makes free hot water”
or
“A boiler that makes free electricity”
>82.4%
total
(HHV
basis)
>92.8%
total
(LHV
basis)
Benefits to Site
ECONOMICS
Cut energy costs by 30-50%
Qualify for incentives (utility/ fed/ state)
Reduce exposure to utility rate volatility
ENVIRONMENTAL
Cut carbon footprint by 50%
Increase efficiency
Lower emissions
SECURITY
Black-start capability (supplemental standby
capacity = “convenience power”)
Power quality
Reduce US dependence on foreign oil
Cogeneration vs Conventional Energy Source
Conventional Source
Power Plant
= .33
Assumptions:
8,000 run hours per year
Therms based on HHV of natural gas at 1,020 Btu/scf
Facility
69
23
75 kW
121
52
Natural Gas Well
39
Boiler
= .75
490,000
Btu/hr
With CHP Installed
Facility
20
Natural Gas Well
65
CHP
39
Conventional Source Yearly Gas Consumption:
TECOGEN® Yearly Gas Consumption:
75 kW
490,000
Btu/hr
121,240 Therms/yr
65,200 Therms/yr
Sample CHP Economics (200 kW System Installed)
Value of Electricity Generated
Value of Demand Savings (1 Unit – 100 kW)
Value of Displaced Energy for Chiller (80 tons)
Value of Thermal Energy (Boiler Savings)
REVENUES
Cost of CHP Fuel
Cost of Maintenance Program
COSTS
$ 234,976 /year
$ 21,600 /year
$ 24,832 /year
$ 110,125 /year
$ 391,533 /year
$ 169,586 /year
$ 38,264 /year
$ 207,850 /year
NET ANNUAL OPERATING SAVINGS: $ 183,683 /year
INSTALLED COST:
$ 1,080,000
SIMPLE PAYBACK:
With Tax Benefits
5.9 years
3.2 years
Reliance on Utility Rates
PaybacksTypically 2 to 4 Years
8
Payback (years)
7
6
5
0.10
0.15
0.2
4
3
2
1
0
0.7
0.9
1.1
Gas Prices ($/therm)
1.3
Environmental Benefits (NOx/CO)
Newest CHP
Technologies
offer NOx/CO
emissions
comparable to
Fuel Cells
Current Engine
Technology
Environmental Benefits of CHP: CO2 Emissions Reductions
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM: 'SAMPLE TECOGEN
INV-100
CHP Installation
INSTALLATION'
1,400
1,200
1,000
tons CO2/ year
489
49%
Reduction
800
by site's
Tecogen
unit(s)
600
by site's
boiler
400
695
608
200
0
without
TECOGEN
CHP
CHP
with TECOGEN
by utility
power
plant
With a 100 kW
system, 576
fewer tons of
CO2 are emitted
each year at a
typical
installation
Inverter Based CHP Products
Important Features
Inverter and permanent magnet
generator
Streamlined interconnection
Black-start capability
Able to handle load changes
without requiring battery banks
High part-load efficiency
Peak shaving capability
Inverter Based Features cont.
Qualifies for Standardized
Interconnection
UL1741 Compliant
CE Marked for European Use
UL 2200
Black-Start/Grid-Independent Operation
Compatible With CERTS “Wireless
Droop” Control
Power Quality
No Reactive Power Use
Power Boost for Demand-Side Response
Enhanced Efficiency
Low Emissions
Internationally Adaptable
50/60 hz
Multiple Small Units Sometimes Offer Advantages over Large Units
Up To 1 MW Capacity (10 units)
Redundancy
Higher Probability of achieving kW
Demand Savings
Better Modularity
Can Expand System Later
Improved Serviceability
Familiar, Uniform Components
Easier Siting
Can Fit into Facility’s Existing
Irregular Spaces
Multiple Small Units Can Offer Advantages over Large Units
Sound
Can Be Installed Within Sound
Sensitive Sites
Hospitals, Hotels, Nursing
Homes, Schools, Apartment
Buildsing
Part-Load Performance
Units Can Modulate to Part-Load
Without Loss of Efficiency
Master / Slave Controls
Operate Units as One Large Unit
Allows Units to be Cycled Off
During Low Load Times
Inverter Interface
To Exhaust After Treatment
& Heat Recovery
Inverter
Rectifier
Variable
Frequency
AC
High Quality
3-Phase,
50 or 60 Hz
Power
DC
Optional DC Input
from Auxiliary Device
(solar PV, Battery, Fuel Cell, etc.)
Natural Gas Engine
Amorphous
Generator
PermanentMetal
Magnet
Generator
Delivered kW
Engine/Generator Output
RPM
1000
2200
3000
Volts
98
207
258
Freq (hz)
135
297
405
KW
39
93
130
Power
Conversion
Volts
Freq (hz)
KW
480
480
480
60
60
60
37
88
123
Opportunities - What to Look for (Cogen Applications)
Consistent Electrical & Thermal Loads
Sample minimum feasibility criteria:
Gas
Electricity
Run-Hours
(TBD:
> 4,000 therms/mo usage
> 40,000 kWh/mo usage
> 6,000 hrs/year
Absorption chillers, etc.)
High Electric Rates
Con Edison/ NStar/ PG&E/ SCE/ SDG&E/ PSE&G/
National Grid/ LIPA esp. energy charges
Centralized Hot Water Heating & Electric Metering
Energy- and Environmentally-Focused Buyers
Site willing to invest in long-term savings
“Ultra” low-emissions
Operating costs/ environmental/ efficiency/ LEED/ “Green”
System Concept
Size system conservatively, to lesser of thermal or
electrical baseload
Made By 150 kW
CHP System’s
Free Waste Heat
Sample Applications and Installations
• Athletic Club, Claremont, CA
– Recreational facility
– 1 100 kW unit & 3 75 kW units
– Application: CHP & stand-by
– Start-up: 2008
– CEC Field Test
thermal loads:
Olympic pool & spas
Family pool & spa
Laundry & DHW
Sample Applications and Installations
•
Athletic Club, Claremont, CA
New 100 kW with 3 earlier units
Sample Applications and InstallationsInstallations
• Hotel, Newton, MA
– 8-story high-rise hotel
– 1 100 kW unit
– Appln: CHP stand-by
– Start-up: 2008
Sample Applications and Installations
Hospital & Nursing Home,
Bronx, NY
7-story high rise
3 100 kW units
Application: CHP & stand-
by
Start-up: 2008
Sample Applications and Installations
• Pier 7, Phoenix Beverage
Brooklyn, NY
–
–
–
–
–
Beer Distributor in NYC
Application: CHP & Cooling
Grid Independent Operation
Start-up: 2010
6 100 kW Units
Sample Applications and Installations
• Twin Marquis, Brooklyn, NY
– Manufacturer of assorted
Asian food products
– 2 100 kW
– Application: CHP & stand-by
– Start-up: 2010
– Project partially funded by
National Grid and the Energy
Solutions Center (ESC)
Sample Applications and Installations
Boys Home, Chatsworth, CA
Residential facility
1 100 kW unit
Application: CHP & stand-by
Start-up: Jan 2009
Sample Applications and Installations
Nursing Home & Rehab
Center, Brooklyn, NY
7-story high rise
3 100 units
Appln: CHP & stand-by
and cooling
Start-up: early 2009
Sample Applications and Installations
Condominiums, Brooklyn, NY
38-story high rise
5 100 kW units’s
Application: CHP & stand-by
and cooling
Start-up: early 2009
Sample Applications and Installations
Residence & Club, New York, NY
Residential & recreational
facility
10-story high rise
3 100 kW units
Application: CHP & stand-by
& cooling
Start-up: Late 2010
Mechanical CHP
Gas Engine-Driven Cooling Systems
Boston Chapter of ASHRAE
Jeffrey Glick - Tecogen Inc.
7/20/2015
39
The Gas Cooling Market Is a Growing
Segment in HVAC Industry
Rising Cost of Electric Cooling
Stable and Inexpensive Gas Rates
Refrigerant Issues
Available Incentives
$300/Ton in Connecticut
$350/Ton in New Jersey
Custom Program in Massachusetts
Increasing Acceptance of Gas Cooling
Chiller Decision Is No Longer an Automatic Choice
for Electric
Peak Seasons for Gas and Electricity Sales
% Of Peak
100
90
80
70
60
Cooling Season
50
J
F
M
A
M
J
Electricity Sales
J
A
S
O
Natural Gas Sales
N
D
Electric Chiller
CONDENSER
Hot Refrigerant Vapor
ELECTRIC
MOTOR
Warm Refrigerant Liquid
EXPANSION
VALVE
COMPRESSOR
Cold Refrigerant Vapor
EVAPORATOR
COOLING
COILS IN
BUILDING
Cold Refrigerant Liquid
Natural Gas Engine Driven Chiller
CONDENSER
Heat Recovery
Hot Refrigerant Vapor
GAS
ENGINE
Warm Refrigerant Liquid
EXPANSION
VALVE
COMPRESSOR
Cold Refrigerant Vapor
EVAPORATOR
COOLING
COILS IN
BUILDING
Cold Refrigerant Liquid
Hybrid Chiller Installation
Engine Driven Chillers
Benefits:
Lower Operating Cost/Lowest Life Cycle Cost
Most Efficient Technology Available
High-Efficiency Screw Compressor
Variable Speed Engine Drive
Very High Part Load Efficiency
Continuous Load-Following Capability
Run Green - Run Clean
LEED Certification Potential
Heat Recovery Capability
Environmentally Friendly
Non-CFC Refrigerant
Reduced Global Warming
Reduced Fossil Fuel Use
Reduced CO2 Emissions
Engine Driven Chillers
Engine Driven vs. Electric
Significantly Lower Operating Costs
Peak Electric Demand Reduction
Heat Recovery Capability
Superior Part Load Efficiency
Avoid Electric Service Capacity Upgrades
Mission Critical Applications
Stand-by Generator Size Reduction
Back-up Cooling During Power Outages
Engine Driven Chillers
Engine Driven vs. Absorption
Lower Operating Costs
High COP; Much Higher at Part Load
Low Parasitics
Easy Retrofits
Smaller Footprint
Can Use Existing Tower, Pumps, Piping
Familiar Vapor Compression Technology
Low Temperature Capability
Importance of Part Load Efficiency
3.0
2.5
Engine Driven IPLV = 2.6
COP
2.0
1.5
1.0
DF Absorber IPLV = 1.1
0.5
0.0
0
25
50
% Full Load
75
100
Engine Driven Chillers
Design “Non-Issues”
Noise Level
89 dBa @ 3 Feet
Similar to Electric Chiller at Full Load
(Lower than Electric Chiller at Part Load)
Vibration
Low Inertia Engine
Neoprene Pads Sufficient in Most Installations
Neither Have Been an Issue at Any Installation
Engine Driven Chillers
Design Considerations
Cooling Tower
Minimal Additional Flow Required for Cooling
Engine (~7%)
Much Less Flow than for Absorbers
Exhaust
Piped to Outside
Exhaust Muffler for Sound Attenuation
Temperature Less than 500°F
Engine Driven Chillers
Design Considerations - Continued
Low Pressure Natural Gas
Less than 1 psi required
Waste Heat Recovery
Over 225°F Available
Simple Design/Installation
Easy Disassembly for Access
Electric Service
Single Phase 208/230v
Factors Affecting Chiller Economics
Equipment Operating Efficiency (IPLV)
Gas and Electric Rates (Including Demand)
Use of Heat Recovery
Utility Rebates
Equipment and Installation Costs
Electric Power Requirements
(Transformer, Switchgear)
Standby Generator Requirements
Characteristics of Good Gas
Engine Chiller Applications
High Electric Demand Rates
Existing Absorption Chiller Installation
Insufficient Electric Power
Cooling Necessary During Power Outages
Hot Water Needed
Process Applications
Eligible for Utility Rebates
Typical Gas Engine Driven
Chiller Applications
Hospitals
Nursing Homes
Colleges/Schools
Hotels
Industrial/Process
Multi-Family Residential
Department Stores
Ice Rinks