Transcript Document

Essential Question
Why was the nation of
Israel created?
The Mandate
This conflict begins
after WWI, when the
Ottoman Empire lost
control of the Middle
East. The land was
divided and European
countries were given
mandate, or control, of
the region.
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916
British Promise to the Jews:
Balfour Declaration, 1917
Sir Arthur James Balfour
Br. Foreign Secretary
His Majesty’s Government
views with favor the
establishment in Palestine
of a national home for the
Jewish people and will use
their best endeavors to
facilitate the achievement
of this object, it being
clearly understood that
nothing shall be done
which may prejudice the
civil and religious rights of
existing non-Jewish
communities in Palestine…
“New” Countries & Ruling
Families Emerge!
 Prince Faisal  “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.
 Prince Abdullah  “ruler” of a newly-created
Iraq [pasted together from three distinct
geographic regions].
 The House of Saud  put on the throne of the
newly-created Saudi Arabia.
 The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a
new Iran.
 Iraq (British control until 1932, gains its independence. 1968
Ba’ath Party takes control. (Saddam Hussein was a Ba’athist)
Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!
 First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia (Iraq)
in 1908.
 Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 
drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.
 Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait
who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman
Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British.
 Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.
 In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the
Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.
Oil Becomes the New International
“Coin of the Realm!”
 American oil companies
[Texaco & Chevron], gain
oil concessions in Bahrain
in 1929.
 In 1933, American oil
companies win an oil
concession in Saudi Arabia.
 ARAMCO [Arab-American
Oil Co,] is created in 1939.
 Occupation and exploitation of
Arab resources begins to cause
concern within the region
Rezah Khan (1877-1944)
 an Iranian officer, seized
control of the govt. in 1921.
 declared himself SHAH in
1925.
 created the Pahlavi Dynasty.
 ruled from 1925-1941.
 initiated some modern
reforms.
 forced to abdicate his throne by the
Allied armies in 1941.
Reforms in Iran
 Secularization  seizure of
religious lands.
 Adoption of the French civil
code.
 Built the Trans-Iranian
Railroad.
 Improved education.
Between the wars
Essential Question:
How did Britain’s actions in
Palestine after 1918 lay the
groundwork for the on-going
conflict between the Jews and
the Arabs in the Middle East
today?
Palestine Was Part of the
Ottoman Empire
Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920

In 1920, there
was 1 Jew to
every 10 Arabs in
Palestine.

By 1947, the ratio
was 2 Arabs for
every Jew.
The Arabs felt that they
were loosing control of their
“country!”
British
Mandate in
Palestine
Created
July, 1922
Jewish Settlements:
The Kibbutz System
 First one founded in 1908.
 Communal living.
 “Make the Desert
Bloom!”
1929 Arab Riots
IZBAH AL-YAHUD!
[“Slaughter All the Jews!”]
Jewish
Immigration
1919
1,806
1931
4,075
1920
8,223
1932
12,533
1921
8,294
1933
37,337
1922
8,685
1934
45,267
1923
8,175
1935
66,472
1924
13,892
1936
29,595
1925
34,386
1937
10,629
1926
13,855
1938
14,675
1927
3,034
1939
31,195
1928
2,178
1940
10,643
1929
5,249
1941
4,592
1930
4,944
Palestine Arab Revolt:
1936-1939
Their Goals:
 An end to Jewish
immigration to Palestine.
 An end to the transfer
of lands to Jewish
owners.
 A new “general
representative
government.”
The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem,
Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf
Hitler.
The Peel
Commission
Partition Plan,
1937
British White Paper of 1939
 Limited Jewish
immigration to
Palestine to 75,000 over
the next five years.
 It ended Jewish land
purchases.
 Independence for
Palestine within 10 years.
 It is NOT British policy
that Palestine become a
Jewish state.
The “Arab Legion” of the
British Army During WW2
WW2The “Jewish Brigade” of
the
British Army During the war
Hitler’s
“Final
Solution”
The Jewish population in each country in 1942.
The Holocaust
Jewish immigration to the Middle East was steadily
growing because of Zionism. After WWII and the
uncovering of the Holocaust, the Zionist movement gained
more support to create a Jewish homeland.
The Partition
In 1947, the United Nations
announced a plan to divide
Palestine into an Arab and
Jewish state. Jews agreed,
but Arabs vowed to do
anything needed to prevent
the U.N. plan from being
carried out.
The State of Israel
The Jews were
outnumbered in Palestine,
but their armies were
much more advanced
because of involvement in
WWII. Despite the
bloodshed, the State of
Israel was created on May
14, 1948.
David Ben-Gurion: leader of
Zionism movement and first
prime minister of Israel
Arab-Israeli War
That night, a combined Arab
force of Egyptians, Iraqis,
Jordanians, Syrians, Lebanese,
Saudi, and Yemeni troops
attacked. The Arab-Israeli War
or Israeli War for Independence
lasted for 8 months, during
which time the Jews not only
defended their land, but
expanded the territory to
include most of the lands the
Palestinians had been offered
and rejected.
The Refugee Camps
The land Palestine lost
was divided among
their Arab neighbors,
leaving Palestine with
nothing. This created
over 780,000 refugees
who were displaced.
Many of them left
Israel, but some had
nowhere to go and
ended up in refugee
camps along Arab
borders.
The situation in camps like these is
a breeding ground for terrorism.
Suez War
Although Israel
became a member of
the United Nations,
many Arab countries
refused to recognize
its existence. Skirmishes
resulted, including the
Suez War of 1956
between Israel and
Egypt.
Six Day War
The Six Day War of
1967 was a sweeping
victory for the Israelis.
They overran the
enemies, gaining
control of the Sinai
Peninsula and the City
of Jerusalem, which is
sacred to both Muslims
and Jews.
Munich Olympic Games 1972
Terrorist attacks were intended to avenge the victory,
including the 1972 murders of 11 Israeli athletes at the
Munich Olympic Games.
Yom Kippur War - 1973
In 1973, Egypt and Syria carried out
an attack on Israel during Yom
Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish
calendar. This time, the Arabs were
better prepared with weapons from
the Soviet Union. The Israelis were
able to hold off the Arabs, but the
Yom Kippur War was an important
step to the peace process.
Camp David Accords
President Jimmy Carter
became involved in the
peace process by
arranging a meeting
between Anwar Sadat of
Egypt and Menachem
Begin of Israel. They
signed a treaty agreeing
that Israel would return
the Sinai Peninsula to
Egypt in exchange for
recognition of Israel as a
country.
The First Treaty Fails
Despite the treaty,
terrorism continued.
Anwar Sadat was
assassinated by Muslim
extremists for agreeing to
acknowledge Israel.
Israel invaded Lebanon
in 1982, in search of
terrorists hiding out in the
country.
Intifada – “Uprising”
In the 1980’s Palestinians began the Intifada, or war
of sticks and stones. Israeli soldiers did not know
how to react to the Palestinian civilians without
looking like bullies.
Death…A Part of Life?
The 1990’s showed little improvement to the situation. Israeli
extremists were responsible for the Hebron Massacre where
29 Palestinians were killed at a mosque. Another Jewish
extremist, angered by peace efforts, assassinated Prime
Minister Yitzak Rabin. Palestinian terrorism is also common.
Suicide bombings by Palestinian groups attack both civilian
and military targets.
Is there still hope for
peace in Israel?