Transcript Computer-Mediated Communication

CMC/CC A
Paradigms for Interaction
Master IK, CIW, MMI
L.M. Bosveld-de Smet
Hoorcollege 3; ma. 18 sept. 2006; 16.00-18.00
Paradigms for designing usable
interactive systems
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Primary objective of interactive system:
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Two open questions for designers:
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Allow user to achieve particular goals in some application
domain
How can an interactive system be developed to ensure its
usability?
How can the usability of an interactive system be
demonstrated or measured?
Succesful interactive systems
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Enhance usability
Serve as paradigms
15 paradigms
Principal historical advances in interaction
designs since mainframe technology
1.Time-sharing systems
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1960s: explosion of growth in computing
power
Licklider (ARPA)
Truly interactive exchange between
programmer and computer
Real human-computer interaction
Time-sharing system
2. Video Display Units (1)
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Mid 1950s: SAGE project (US Air Force)
Video Display Units (2)
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1962: Ivan Sutherland,
Sketchpad
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Computer can do more
than merely data
processing
Contribution of one
creative mind
3. Programming Toolkits
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1960s: Douglas
Engelbart
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‘augmenting man’s
intellect’
NLS: oNLineSystem
Pioneering computer
system: mouse, graphical
display, writing machine
4. Personal Computing
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1970s: emergence of computing power
aimed at the masses
Using the computer becomes available to any
one
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Seymour Papert: LOGO
Mid 1970s: Alan Kay (PARC): Smalltalk
LOGO programming language
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Typical Smalltalk display
5. Window Systems
and WIMP interface
6. Metaphor
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Spreadsheet metaphor
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Ex. travel planning
assistent
7. Direct Manipulation (1)
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1982: Shneiderman
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Graphics-based interactive systems
Attractive features:
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Visibility of objects of interest
Incremental action at the interface with rapid feedback
on all actions
Reversibility of all actions (exploration is not punished)
Syntactic correctness of all actions (every user action is
legal)
Replacement of complex command languages with
actions to manipulate directly visible objects
Direct Manipulation (2)
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1984: Macintosh PC by Apple Computer, Inc.
Ed Hutchins, Jim Hollan, Donald Norman:
model-world metaphor
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No intermediary between user and world of
interest
Direct engagement
The interface is the system
Widgets are interaction objects
WYSIWYG paradigm is related to DM
paradigm
8. Language paradigm
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Advantageous for generic and repeatable
procedures
2 interpretations:
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Interface need not perform much translation
Interface is an agent
Action and language paradigms:
programming by example
9. Hypertext
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1945: Vannevar Bush: ‘As We May Think’
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MEMEX
Random associative links between pieces of
knowledge
Mid 1960s: Ted Nelson: Xanadu
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Worldwide publishing and IR system
Non-linear and associative linking schemes
10. Multimodality
11. Computer-Supported Cooperative
Work (1)
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1960s: first computer networks
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Reconnection to workstations
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in immediate working environment
Throughout the world
CSCW systems allow interaction between
humans via the computer
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Ex. Electronic mail
Computer-Supported Cooperative
Work (2)
12. World Wide Web
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Built on top of internet
Predominantly graphical interface to
information
1989: Tim Berners-Lee
Free access to information and virtual social
environment
13. Agent-based interfaces
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Aspects of both actions and language
paradigm
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Email agents
Web crawlers
Agents act on user’s behalf
Agent acts within world user could also act
upon
14. Ubiquitous Computing
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Late 1980s: Mark Weiser
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Moving human-computer interaction away from
the desktop
Think of computing technology in different sizes
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Pocket-sized electronic bible
Stanford Interactive mural
Electronic bible
Interactive Mural
15. Sensor-based and
Context-aware interaction
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Interaction gets implicit nature
There is no conscious interaction anymore