Transcript Slide 1
Welcome We all come to the table with experiences, and worldviews…. Let’s find out what our “feast at the table” will be like this week…. Public Education America’s noble experimentuniversal education for all students is a cornerstone of our democracy “We are here not only to transform the world but also to be transformed” (Palmer, 2000, p. 97). This Week What are schools like in the USA? How do they compare to your experiences in your country? Have schools encouraged a more socially just and equitable life for all? Educational Paradigms Federal Educational Standards Racism and Inequality War and Violence Teacher Preparation How does one’s worldview affect the paradigms of education? Are schools in the USA… Safe? Equal? Just? Racially Desegregated? Freedom Seeking? Peace Seeking? Democratic? What has your experience been with schooling? Were your schools…. Safe? Equal? Just? Racially Desegregated? Freedom Seeking? Peace Seeking? Democratic? Worldviews Paradigms in the USA Traditional/ The Conservative Paradigm Progressive Life is difficult & dangerous. The supreme being is a strict & judgmental parent. Most people are weak, selfish, greedy, immoral & lazy. Evil is a prominent part of human experience. Individual responsibility is central. Trust in others must be limited to those very much like us. Competition is at the center. Great questions of the day have simple answers. Government is a thief and a waste. Life is difficult & dangerous. The supreme being is a nurturing, loving parent. Humans are basically good and always motivated. Evil is a minor part of human experience. Cooperation and sharing, collective action and mutual support are crucial. Trust is the core of healthy human life. Complexity and ambiguity characterize our lives. Worldviews and Paradigms in the World? Where does your worldview fall? Take five minutes and list your worldview in comparison to those of the USA. Educational Paradigms How do these worldviews affect the educational systems? Educational Paradigms Share your worldviews with two other people from different countries (if possible). Now, using the Venn diagram, list your educational experiences that were the same and that were different. Educational Paradigms Educational Paradigms in the USA The Progressive Paradigm in Education The Conservative Paradigm in Education Students are untrustworthy, unmotivated, undisciplined, slothful and immoral. Students (and educators) cannot be trusted and must be monitored and coerced to do the right thing. Ability is the best way to identify and group students for learning. Isolation of able learners is essential. Education is evaluation and evaluation is education. Presentation equals teaching. Knowledge is the accumulation of brick upon brick of facts. Creative, caring, curious, critical citizens are not a priority. Public schools are a bloated ineffective government bureaucracy that should be privatized. Human freedom and empowerment are more critical than accountability and punishment. Life is about relationships, not acquisition. School... democratic experience. Caring and trust for each person is the center of any truly professional activity. Schools are to improve society as a whole, not providing competitive advantage to the elite. Curriculum is best derived from the needs and interests of the learners. Instruction should engage active learners. Developmental appropriateness should supercede national assessment. School failure has political and economic causes. The Progressive Paradigm Supports Heterogeneous Grouping Integrated Curriculum Differentiated Instruction Evolution as Science Teachers as Mentors Small School Strategies Interdisciplinary Teams Shared Decision Making Teacher Education Progressive Supports…. Local Control of Curriculum & Assessment The Progressive Paradigm in American History Abolition Peace Movements Modern Psychotherapy Civil Rights Bill of Rights Child Labor laws Women’s Suffrage School Desegregation Gay Rights Progressive Education Environmental Movement History of Schooling in the USA Three essential questions: What is the purpose of a public education? Who is to receive the educational services provided by the public? And, how does government ensure the quality of these educational services? In various forms, these questions lay beneath all educational changes and reform. 18th century short-term schools ten or twelve weeks a year favored boys over girls charged parental fees families responsible along with churches, neighbors, and peers not very extensive not free not governmental not secular… family wealth, race, and gender had a strong impact 19th century Common School born in the mid-nineteenth century. funded by local property taxes charged no tuition were open to all white children were governed by local school committees, and were subject to a modest amount of state regulation Late 19th century Religious discrimination half of New York City residents were Irish Catholics, generally poor and desperate for an education. Yet in New York, they found that the public schools, while free and open to all, were effectively, Protestant… In Pennsylvania in 1843, a Catholic church was burned to the ground and thirteen people were killed in a conflict known as the Philadelphia Bible riots. Create a privately funded national system of Catholic schools. It became the major alternative school system in the United States. Late 19th century Race and Education The Civil War ended in 1865 Four million Americans, formerly slaves, were now free. Black literacy soared in the decades after the Civil War, from 5 percent to 70 percent. Early 20th century Women enter work force… Promoted female teachers as a civilizing force in the West… “God designed women to be the chief educators of our race… It is woman who is [sic] fitted by disposition and habits and circumstances for such duties.” Beecher founded colleges to educate women in philosophy, science, and mathematics and train them for service out west… One young lady witnessed a gunfight outside her classroom. Another found herself boarding in a tworoom cabin with a family of ten. Kathryn Kish Sklar describes how women changed what went on in the classroom: “[The hiring of women] created a new ethic in schools that was feminized in which the teacher cared for the students-the teacher was not only a disciplinarian but also offered, not exactly the comforts of home, but a lot of the similar ingredients that had gone on in home schooling a century before that.” End of the 19th century Exclusion in schools Public school expenditures rose from $69 million in 1870 to $147 million in 1890 Public school enrollment increased from 7.6 million in 1870 to 12.7 million in the same decades The United States was providing more schooling to more children than any other nation on earth Yet not all children could attend public schools together Native Americans were sent to special government schools, where they were forced to abandon tribal languages, customs, and dress. African Americans also faced exclusion, and many created their own schools. Native Americans were excluded Early 20th century Immigration immigrants arriving from every part of the globe 1890 and 1930, over 22 million came to the United States, including almost three million children. on the day after a steamship arrived, as many as 125 children would apply to one New York school. Thousands of students attended school part time for lack of space. Some classrooms were as crowded as tenements. Yet for many other children, school was nothing more than a mysterious building passed on the way to work. In 1900, only 50 percent of America’s children were in school, and they received an average of only five years of schooling. Little girl spinner in Mollahan Cotton Mills, Newberry, South Carolina (1908) 20th century Life Skills Education progressives claimed that schools could help to preserve the American way of life Gary (Indiana) curriculum reached into areas like health and hygiene that had little to do with the three Rs. progressive education would socialize students and their families at a time of widespread labor unrest “…home economics becomes a big issue. If the woman learns how to cook and the worker goes to work well fed and works hard, and knows that there will be a good meal when he returns home, he doesn’t stop at the saloon and he comes directly home. And we will have industrial peace through home economics. So the school was suddenly the panacea for everything that was going on in society.” Lakota Indians taught to sew Victorian dresses Late 20th century Bilingual/Global Education before World War I, schools taught courses in the language of the major immigrant group, such as German. Historian David Tyack explains, “The Germans…were quite proud of their own language and tradition and insisted that their language be taught in places like…St. Louis and Cincinnati and Cleveland. Hundreds of thousands of children learned German or learned in German in public schools. And learned about the glories of Germany.” But by 1917, the United States was at war. Former president Theodore Roosevelt was among those leading the call for an English-only curriculum. Late 20th century Desegregation In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that segregation was constitutional as long as separate facilities were equal. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had traveled throughout the South, gathering evidence to prove that segregated schools were never equal and that black schools were often desperately underfunded.. In 1950 Reverend Oliver Brown walked his eight-year-old daughter Linda to the Sumner School… The case, filed as Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, went to the Supreme Court, where it was argued by Thurgood Marshall On May 17, 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren announced the court’s unanimous decision: “It is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity…is a right which must be available to all on equal terms. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” One of the “little rock nine” trying to enter high school in 1957 Early 21st century School Choice In 1974, educators in East Harlem asked some of the district’s best teachers to create small, alternative public schools, carving space as needed within existing buildings… Deborah Meier, founder and former principal of East Harlem’s Central Park East Schools: “I had never heard of anybody offering to do that in the public system. And it was the beginning of a very bold and exciting experiment. Within ten years, East Harlem went from having twenty schools to having fifty-two schools in the same buildings By 1982, educators in East Harlem required that all junior high students choose their school By 1987, East Harlem was outperforming half of the city’s school districts. President Ronald Regan – A set of educational goals High school dropout rate from 30% to 10% President George H. Bush – America 2000- “A nine year crusade” Readiness for all pre-school children By the year 2000 American children will be the top in the world in math and science High school graduation rate of 90% All schools free of drugs and violence High school dropout rate from 30% to 10% by 2000 President George W. Bush – No Child Left Behind “ I went to Washington to challenge the soft bigotry of low expectations.” High school drop our rate from 30% to 10% by 2014 Problems with schools in the USA Yes Our Schools Can be Saved Newsweek- Secretary Bennet discovers what “works” What Works The New York Times January 1992 How to Fix America’s Schools Business Week 2001 Palmer (1999) believed that to teach is to create a space in which community truth is practiced. Journal…(5 minute free write) Did my educational experience support social justice and equity? How? Why not? Tonight’s reading Standards.. 1. 2. 3. The standards movement Standardizing imperialism Failing our children. Why the testing craze won’t fix our schools. Reading response 1. 2. 3. 4. Summarize readings Share your opinions on this new information Share your personal experience with this topic Synthesize what you knew, what you learned, and how it will affect your future work.