Transcript Research Paradigms and Approaches

Research Paradigms and
Approaches
Apichoke Lekagul
Research Paradigm
• A system of inquiry
• A complete picture or package of large
groups of research
• The whole process from the beginning to
the end
• Includes worldview, perspective, position,
assumptions, methods and technique
Research Paradigms
Worldview
Perspective
Position
Assumption
Method
Technique
Quantitative
Qualitative
Research Paradigm
or
System of Inquiry
(Groat & Wang, 2002)
Research Paradigms:
Dichotomous Paradigm
• Sciences vs. Myth
• Objective vs. Subjective
Universe is
made up of
small things
Coming
together
Different/
Apart
(Groat & Wang, 2002)
Sciences vs. Myth
• Mathematical
Description
• Atomistic
• Reductionism
• Convergent
• Mostly used in
technology,
engineering and
behavioral research
• Mythic or Poetic
Description
• Continuous
• Holistic
• Divergent
• Generative
• Mostly used in humanity,
art, history and design
theory research
Research Paradigms:
Quantitative vs. Qualitative (Creswell, 1994)
Major Research Paradigms:
• Quantitative paradigm
– Dealing with quantity or number as data
• Qualitative paradigm
– Dealing with some quality as data
• Mixed methods (using methods from both
paradigms– some quantity and quality)
Quantitative Paradigm
• Traditional research paradigm (of sciences)
• Positivist, post-positivist perspective (Groat
& Wang, 2002)
• Comes from empiricist tradition
• Experimental in nature
• Modern perspective
• Objective
Qualitative Paradigm
• A countermovement of the positivist
tradition in the late 19th century
• Constructivist/ naturalistic approach (Groat
& Wang, 2002)
• Interpretive
• Postmodern perspective
• Subjective
Assumptions of the Paradigms
• Ontological: the nature of being (reality)
• Epistemological: the nature of knowledge
• Axiological: the nature of value and value
judgment
• Rhetorical: the use of language
• Methodological: the process
Research Paradigm Assumptions (Creswell, 1994)
Assumptions
Question
(what is?)
Quantitative
Qualitative
Ontological
Nature of
reality?
Objective & singular,
apart from researcher
Subjective & multiple (by
participants)
Epistemological Relationship of
researcher and
(nature of
subject?
knowledge)
Researcher is
independent from
subject
Researcher interact with
subject
Axiological
Role of value?
Value free/ unbiased
Value laden/ biased
Rhetorical
language of
research?
Formal/ impersonal/
specific quantitative
words
Informal/ personal/
qualitative words
Methodological
Process of
research?
Deductive/ cause &
effect/ context free/
generalizability
Inductive/ emerging
patterns/ context-bound/
understanding
(nature of
reality)
Ontological, Epistemological and
Axiological Assumptions
Assumptions
Quantitative
Qualitative
Ontological
(Reality)
Single reality (best solution,
optimization, prototype)
Multiple (sides of) realities (by
situations of…participants/
subjects)
Epistemological
Distant view and independent (no
relationship between researcher
and subjects such as public
opinions)
Close distance view and
interaction (involving,
collaboration)
Objective, value-free/ unbiased
(general, no side or no personal
statement)
Subjective, value laden/
biased (identify position, from
the perspective of…)
(Researcher’s
roles)
Axiological
(Value and
Judgment)
Deductive and Inductive Process
Deductive
Inductive
• from the general to the
specific
• from an expected pattern
to the testing observations
• Theory testing
• from the specific to the
general
• from a set of observations
to the discovery of a
pattern
• Theory construction
Common Methods in Quantitative
Paradigm
• Experiments
– True (Random and Fully Controlled Design)
– Quasi (Non-Random and Limited Control Design)
• Surveys
–
–
–
–
Cross-section Design
Longitudinal Design
Questionnaires
Measurements
Common Methods in Qualitative
Paradigm
• Ethnography
– Study groups of people
– Observation
• Grounded Theory
– Derive a theory using multistage of data collection
and refinement
• Case study
– Explore a phenomenon thoroughly in many aspects
• Phenomenological Study
– Examines human experiences
Subjective-Objective Continuum of
Architectural Research
Subjective
Objective
Groat & Wang, 2002
Selection Factors
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Philosophical perspectives
Point of views or beliefs of researchers
Training
Areas of study or society of research
Psychological attributes
Available data
Comfort with rules and procedures
Format of writing
Alternative Scenario of Research
Paradigms
Groat and Wang (2002)
• Positivist/ Post positivist (true and quasiexperiment)
• Naturalist (Interpretive/Constructivist)
• Emancipatory (more specific to roles and
groups)
Groat & Wang’s Tripartite
(Quantitative)
(Qualitative)
Clusters of Systems of Inquiry
Paradigm, Approach, Method and Technique
T
M
A
P
• Paradigm (System or Inquiry)
• Approach (Strategy—Series of Methods)
• Method (A Series of Techniques)
• Technique (A Specific Tactic or Procedure)
Approaches or Strategies
Groat and Wang (2002)
• Interpretive-Historical Research (SA)
• Qualitative Research (SA) (RO)
• Correlational Research (AL) (TW)
• Experimental (SS) and Quasi-Experimental
Research (AL) (TW)
• Simulation and Modeling Research (EM)
• Logical Argumentation
• Case Studies and Combined Strategies (NO) (RO)