Transcript Bio211 Lecture 1

Welcome to Biology 101
Human Anatomy & Physiology I
A tour through the Visible Human (National Library of Medicine)…
Please be sure you initialed the attendance sheet!
You should do this each time you come to lecture.
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General Information
• Who am I?
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Greg Erianne, Ph.D.
Office SH 205
See Course Policies for Office Hours
E-mail - CCM: [email protected]
Telephone; 973-328-5377 (voice mail)
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Marieb’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Ninth Edition
Marieb w Hoehn
Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
Lecture 1
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Course Web Sites
• Our Web sites for this class are located at:
– http://www.gserianne.com/science/GerianneBio101 (Main)
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Announcements (VERY IMPORTANT TO LOOK AT FREQUENTLY!)
Syllabus and all lecture/lab schedules
Lecture and Lab slides used in class (ppt and pdf formats)
Supplementary online materials for Lecture and Lab
Lecture and Lab Exam Study Guides
Links to many other sites including McGraw Hill Publisher’s Web site
Extra credit assignments
– http://courses.ccm.edu (Blackboard Learn; Secondary)
• You will need your student ID and password for the Blackboard (BB) site
• This BB site will be used ONLY grades and grade-related things
– http://masteringaandp.com (from Pearson Science)
• You will need the course ID and have to register if you haven’t been to this site
before
• Lots of resources to use for A&P I – take advantage of it!
– Printing slides and other materials (see email I sent)
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Overview of Today’s Lecture
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Course Web sites and Publisher Web site
Course Description/Textbook/Lab Book
Course Objectives and Syllabus Review
Blueprint for success
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Organization of the Human Body
Characteristics of Life
Homeostasis
Anatomical Terminology
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Textbook/Laboratory Manual
• Course Description
– Lecture / discussion format
• Lectures will follow Marieb’s
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th
edition closely
– Figures used for class
– Laboratory
• Marieb’s Laboratory Manual, 10th
edition
– Reading assignments should be
done BEFORE you come to
class/lab
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Major objectives of this course
• In general, you will…
– Master the objectives listed in the Study Guides
– Develop a further mastery of scientific/biomedical
terminology
– Further develop your ability to think logically and
critically
• Let’s review the syllabus, policies, and
handouts…
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Blueprint for Success
• Most importantly…
– Skim your textbook BEFORE lecture and make notes
– Take notes in your own words and become mentally involved
during lecture; review/rewrite your notes after lecture
– Ask questions if you don’t understand
– Continually review previously learned material
– Use all the study aids available to you
– ***Before taking the exam, you should be able to take a
BLANK study guide and answer all the questions
WITHOUT YOUR NOTES!!!!
• **See the Suggested Study Method on Web
gserianne.com Web site – Please review this!!!
• **Be sure to print slides/materials if you want them for
class/lab – make a schedule for yourself
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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
- Gross anatomy – macroscopic (types?)
- Cytology (microanatomy) – cells
- Histology (microanatomy) – tissues
Physiology – study of function
- Specialized, e.g., neuro-, cellular-, patho-
- Comparative physiology
Structure is always related to function;
if structure changes, function changes
What’s this red stuff all about, anyway?
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How Structure Determines Function
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Levels of Organization
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Important Definitions of Organizational Terms
• Cell – The basic unit of biological structure and
function (what is a ‘basic unit’ of something?)
• Tissues – A group of cells working together to
perform one or more specific functions
• Organs – Two or more tissues working in
combination to perform several functions
• Organ System – Interaction of organs
functioning closely together
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Characteristics of Life
What makes something ‘alive’, or living?
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in size or cell number
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing
carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
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Characteristics of Life (cont’d)
Digestion – breakdown of food substances
Absorption – passage of substances through
membranes and into body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
different substances
Excretion – removal of wastes
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
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Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body (60-80% of BW)
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport
- regulates body temperature
Food
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials to build/replace body components
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Requirements of Organisms (cont’d)
Oxygen
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
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General Function of Organ Systems
A&P I
A&P II
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Organ Systems – Integument and Skeletal
Be able to identify
the organ systems
of the human body
and their major
components;
describe the major
functions of each
organ system (See
Figure 1.3 in
Marieb)
Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
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Organ Systems – Muscular and Nervous
Rapidly-acting,
short-term control
(Skeletal muscle shown)
Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
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Organ Systems – Endocrine and Cardiovascular
Slower-acting,
longer-term control
(compared to
nervous system)
Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
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Organ Systems – Lymphatic and Respiratory
Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
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Organ Systems – Digestive and Urinary
Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
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Organ Systems – Reproductive
Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
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Homeostasis
A CRITICAL (and very testable) concept in physiology
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
**Absence of homeostasis = DISEASE
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the
internal environment and corrects any changes
•Receptors - provide information about environment
•Control center - tells what a particular value should be
•Effectors - causes responses to change internal
environment
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Homeostasis
The 70 trillion cells in
our bodies surround
themselves with their
own environment.
This is the
environment that must
remain stable despite
changes outside.
(Interstitial fluid)
Major goal of
homeostasis is to
keep the
interstitial fluid
consistent
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Homeostasis
Negative feedback – deviation from set point progressively lessens
Positive feedback – deviation from set point gets progressively greater
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Homeostasis
• Remember that homeostasis does NOT mean
constant!
– Continual variations occur in body systems
– Gives rise to ‘normal ranges’ (See Appendix B)
• Examples of negative feedback (most things)
– Temperature regulation, blood pressure, blood
glucose levels
• Examples of positive feedback
– Blood clotting, milk production, uterine contraction
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Homeostatic Mechanisms
Notice that this
occurs in a
ONE-WAY
circuit.
Figure from: Hole’s
Human A&P, 12th
edition, 2010
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Homeostatic Mechanisms (cont’d)
Know the normal
temperature of the body
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Notice that this
occurs in a
ONE-WAY
circuit.
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Serous Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
•Visceral pleura
•Parietal pleura
•Visceral pericardium
•Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
•Visceral peritoneum
•Parietal peritoneum
Serous fluid – thin, watery, slippery fluid typically
separating serous membranes
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Serous Membranes
Be able to label ALL parts of this diagram; (What system is each organ a part of?)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Serous Membranes
Be able to label ALL parts of this diagram
(What system is each organ a part of?)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th
edition, 2010
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Review
• Anatomy = structure; physiology = function
• Structure determines function
• The human body (multicellular organisms) can
be organized in increasing levels of complexity
– Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
• The eleven organ systems of the body function
to maintain homeostasis
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Review
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable (NOT
CONSTANT!) internal environment
– Requires: receptor(s), control center, and effector(s)
– Typically uses a negative feedback mechanism
• Body cavities are lined by serous membranes
– Visceral
– Parietal
• Cross (transverse) sections through the thorax or
abdomen can provide lots of information about the
relative position of organs within the body cavities.
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