Transcript Chapter 1

Chapter 1
Anatomy & Physiology
Fifth Edition
Seeley/Stephens/Tate
(c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
BIOLOGY 2870
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Anatomy and Physiology
Summer Term 2002
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Instructor:
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Lecture:
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Laboratory:
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Texts:
Dr. Curtis Greene
Office:
Office Hours:
E-mail:
2110 Biological Sciences Bldg.
By appointment
[email protected]
(All sections)
Room:
Time :
2009 Science
4:30 - 6:05 T-Th
Room: 415 Natural Sciences Building
Time: varies with section number (see schedule of classes to confirm your lab time
Laboratory syllabus will be given to students at the first class meeting
Required lab materials:dissecting tools (kit) and latex gloves
Required:
Anatomy & Physiology
5 SUP thEd. by Seely, Stephens, et al; McGraw-Hill 2000
(As specified for Laboratory)
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Optional Study Material:
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Course Website TBA:
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Course Description:
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This course is a comprehensive survey of the structures that make the human body and the functions of
those structures. The laboratory portion of this course emphasizes the anatomy of the body, from the cells and
tissues to the organization of organs into body wide systems performing highly specialized functions. The lectures
will focus on the physiology of those cells, tissues, and organs that compose the body. Interdependence, control,
(regulation), and balance of tissue and organ function will be constant themes throughout this course.
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Exams and Grading:
Grading in this course is base on the following exercises:
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Student Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology
5 SUP th
Ed. by Tate , et al 2000
3 lecture exams*
3 lab practical exams
2 lab quizzes
3 lab assignments
= 145 (worth 45, 50, 50 points respectively)
= 120 ( worth 40 points each)
= 20 ( worth 10 points each)
= 15 ( worth 5 points each)
= 300 total points
*Lecture exams will consist of 45 or 50 multiple choice and true-false questions, each worth 1 point.
Your total points earned are converted to an overall % performance (total points earned divided by
300) at the end of
the term. Your final grade is based on a modified straight scale:
A
AB+
B
BC+
C
CD+
D
DF
> 90 % (this is an absolutely firm and unchangeable cut-off)
= 85 %
= 83 %
= 77 %
= 75 %
= 72 %
= 61 %
= 55 %
= 48 %
= 43 %
= 38 %
= 37% 
The instructor reserves the right to adjust the grading scale taking into account the overall class
performance. The cut- off for an A, however, will not be adjusted. The decision to adjust the grading
scale will be made at the end of the term.
Any adjustment to the grading scale may vary between 12%.
Note: there are NO-make-up lecture exams or lab exams or lab practical exams!!!
However, if I am personally contacted at least one day before a lecture exam is given, I will arrange
an alternate essay test for documented personal emergency. This does apply to any lab exam or
assignment.
The laboratory portion of this course is just over half the total point score that the final grade is based on.
In other words, both lecture and lab portions of this course are equally important to your grade. You must
plan to attend every lecture and go to every scheduled lab session if you desire to do well in this course.
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How to earn a good grade ( helpful hints)
This is a 5 credit course. For each credit earned - as established by the University you are expected to spend 3 hours minimum per week reading, learning, and studying.
So, for this class, 5 credits translates to a minimum of 15 hours per week. Seven hours
a week are spent in the class, lecture, and lab leaving a least 8 hours per week for
study outside of class. Make sure you schedule that much study time outside of class
because there is an extremely large volume of reading and study material associated
within this course. You should read and study the material before the lecture, you will
get more out lecture if you do.we will cover about 2 chapters per week. The lecture
exams will be based on material covered in lecture. Lecture exams test for
understanding and application of ideals and concepts, not memorization of details.
You memorize for lab, not for lecture. Remember, lab is worth half of your grade and
based on past experience, it’s worth all the extra time memorizing the anatomy.
Mastery of the anatomy just takes a lot of repetitive memorization, so, stay in your lab
for the full 2 hours each class and just keep repeating those terms over and over again.
Schedule lab time for review of old stuff, don’t just do the new exercise and leave. If
you do the work your lab score will bring up your over-all course score.
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Add/Drop Policy:
Course add forms will not be signed by the instructor after the start of the term except
for the purpose of changing sections when appropriate. Course drop forms will not
be signed after Friday July 26.
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COURSE TOPICS AND CHAPTERS (tentative)
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Lecture Date
Lecture Topic
Text Chapters; Pages
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T 5/7 (L1)
Th 5/9 (L2)
Anatomy/Physiology/Homeostasis
Chemistry of Life, Cells
1: all
2: all
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T 5/14 (L3)
Th 5/16 (L4)
Cellular Anatomy & Physiology
Tissues
3:58-85;25:840-847
4: 103-128
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T 5/2 (L5)
Th 5/23 (L6)
Skin
Bones,Joints,Ca++Balance
5: all;4:129-131;25:855-6
6:all;8:225-231;18:556-561
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T 5/28 (L7)
Th 5/30 (L8)
Electro physiology
skeletal Muscle: Structure & Physiology
9: 256-271
10: 276-301
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T 6/4 (L9)
Th 6/6 (L10)
Nervous Tissue:Function & Organization CNS
CNS & Efferent PNS
12: all; 13: 385-390,420-423
13:390-394;400-405
14: 434,443-445:16:all
T 6/11 (L11)
Lecture Exam 1 (covers L1-L10)
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Th 6/13 (L12)
Afferent PNS & Special Senses
15: all
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T 6/18 (L14)
Th 6/20 (L15)
Endocrinology
Cardiovascular System: Blood
9:249,254-5;17:527-533;18:all
19:583-598
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T 6/25 (L16)
Th 6/27 (L17)
Cardiovascular System: The Heart
Cardiovascular System: Peripheral Circulation
20: all
21: 647-651,671-697
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T 7/2 (L18)
Th 7/4
Lymphatic System & Immunity
July 4 RECESS
4: 128-9;22:703-727
T 7/9
Th 7/11 (L19)
Lecture Exam 2 (covers L12-L18)
Respiration
23: all
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T 7/16 (L20)
Th 7/18 (L21)
Digestion
Kidney Function
24: all
26: all; 27: all
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T 7/23 (L22)
Th 7/25 (L23)
Human Reproduction
Human Reproduction
28: all
29: 981-985
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T 7/30
Lecture Exam 3 (covers L19-L23)
Ch.1: Introduction
• Course Objectives
To learn how the human body works starting from its molecular
and atomic levels up to clinical implications.
• Introduction
– What is Anatomy?
– It is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s
structure.
– It includes the studies of :
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Cytology – which studies structural features of cells.
Histology – studies tissues and cells.
Gross anatomy
Systemic anatomy
Etc…….
• What is Physiology?
• It is the scientific investigation of the regulatory functions
of anatomical structures through homeostasis.
• Since anatomical structures are at different degrees of
organization, physiology may also be sub-divided
according to its level of organization, i.e
– Cell Physiology – investigates common functions of
cells.
– Organ Physiology – studies specific organs e.g. renal
physiology, cardiac physiology, etc…..
– System Physiology - investigates specific organ systems
i.e., respiration physiology, reproductive physiology etc..
– Pathological Physiology – studies the effects of illness
on organ or system functions as well as cells and tissues.
Structural and Functional Organization
• The body can be considered conceptually at seven
structural levels
– Chemical
– Organelle
– Cell
– Tissue
– Organ
– Organ System
– Organism
Homeostasis
• Is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant
environment within the body.
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• The normal functions of each cell depends on the maintenance of
it’s fluid environment within a narrow range of conditions, including
volume, temperature, and chemical content. These conditions are
called variables because their values can change.
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a variable around an ideal normal
value or set point. The value of the variable fluctuates around the
set point, establishing a normal range of values.
• Organ systems helps to control the internal environment so that it
remains relatively constant. If the fluid surrounding cells deviates
from homeostasis, the cells do not function normally and can even
die.
Negative-Feedback
• Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback
mechanisms that maintain homeostasis.
• Negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller
or is resisted.
• Many negative feedback mechanisms have three components:
– Receptor – which monitors the values of some variables.
– Control Center – establishes the set point around which the
variable.
– Effector – can change the value of the variable ( produces a
response)
A deviation from the set point is called a stimulus.
Positive-Feedback
• Positive feedback responses are not homeostatic and are
rare in healthy individuals.
• Positive implies that when a deviation from the normal
values occurs. The response of the system is to make
the deviation even greater.
• Positive feedback therefore usually creates a “vicious
cycle” leading away from homeostasis and in some
cases, resulting in death.
The End.