Unit 1

Levels of Organization Characteristics of Life Requirements of Organisms Homeostasis Relative Positions Body Sections Body Region Adjectives

• • • • • • • • • • Levels of Organization (small to large) Subatomic particles Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism (ex) proton (ex) hydrogen atom (ex) water molecule (ex) DNA (ex) nucleus (ex) muscle cell (ex) connective tissue (ex) heart (ex) digestive system (ex) human

Definitions

• Anatomy – “a cutting up” in Greek. Examines structures of body parts and their forms and organization.

(ex) Geography is to countries/cities/structures of the Earth as Anatomy is to structures of the body.

History of Anatomical Terminology

• • About 90% of today’s medical terminology are formed primarily from about 1,200 Greek and Latin roots.

The ancient Greeks and Romans coined many of the words still used in human anatomy today: duodenum, uterus, prostate, cerebellum, diaphragm, sacrum, amnion, and others.

Definitions, cont.

• Physiology – “relationship to nature” in Greek. Looks at functions of body parts; what they do and how they do it.

***genetics has unlocked many mysteries physiology.

– physical and chemical events that obtain, release, and use energy in cells are called metabolic

events.

– Metabolism – all of the chemical rxns in cells.

Characteristics of Life

• • • • • • • Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption • Circulation • Assimilation • Excretion

Requirements of Organisms

• • • • • Food Water Heat Pressure Oxygen

“F

lying

W

hales

H

ate

P

urple

O

ysters”

Organ Systems

• • • • • • Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular • • • • • Lymphatic Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive

Homeostasis

= the body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment.

*requires most of our metabolic energy.

Homeostatic mechanisms all have: 1. receptors 2. control center/set point 3. effectors (ex) negative feedback (ex) air conditioning/thermostat

Anatomical Position

• • • • Standing tall Facing forward Arms at side Palms forward

Relative Positions

• • • • •

Position:

Superior Anterior Medial Proximal Superficial • • • • •

Opposite:

Inferior Posterior Lateral Distal Deep

Others:

• Bilateral (lungs) • Contralateral (opposite side, right leg brake = more weight on left leg) • Ipsilateral (lung and kidney on the same side)

Body Sections

1.Sagittal

2.Transverse

3.Coronal

Body Region Adjectives

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Abdominal Acromial Antebrachial Antecubital Axiallary Brachial Buccal Carpal Celiac Cephalic Cervical Costal Coxal crural • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Cubital Digital Dorsum Femoral Frontal Genital Gluteal Inguinal Lumbar Mammory Mental Nasal Occipital oral • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Orbital Otic Palmar Patellar Pectoral Perineal Plantar Popliteal Sacral Sternal Sural Tarsal Umbilical vertebral