PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany

Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology

Tenth Edition Shier

w

Butler

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Lewis

Chapter 1

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Brain vs Computer

• Both tremendous capacity to

store

information • Computer can easily retrieve information due to software designed to organize information storage that allows for fast and easy retrieval.

• Our brains have same capacity but we have to “program” the brain to retrieve • “Basket of socks” analogy - connections create organization

Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Expanding your knowledge base!

“jungle gym analogy” 1. Comprehension – ability to read or hear → understand 2. Study skills – reading rate, memorization aptitude, “brain hooks - socks” 3. Discipline –

preview chapters

, studying material on daily basis outside of class 4. Organization – notes, flash cards, lists, drawings, reviews 5. Prior knowledge base – previous courses in college or high school 6. Hard work – hours put in if not proficient in basics – plan now!

7. Correlate material – acronyms, analogies, personalize 8. Study partners or groups – 2 or more viewpoints clears understanding 1-2

How To Achieve Your Grade!

1. Lecture tests make up 70% of grade!

2. Attend classes – penalty if over 4 misses 3. Do chapter summaries 4. Do chapter review exercises (bonus) 5. Turn in all articles – 10 in 12 weeks 6. Pass all open book/notes quizzes (>70%) – are pass or fail 7. Give blood and do community service project 8. Study bonus questions given out before tests – 8 to 10 given for each test but only 2 on each lab or lecture test 9. Participate in class

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy – study of structure Physiology – study of function Structure is always related to function

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Levels of Organization

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Levels of Organization

Atom

“Building blocks of the organism”

– hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen atoms Molecule – water , glucose, NaCl molecules Macromolecule Organelle – protein molecule, DNA molecule – mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, ribosome, lysosome, cell membrane, nucleus Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, bone cell- ( 70 trillion ) Tissue – bone tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, liver Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, integumentary system, circulatory system Organism – human, cat, dog

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Table 1.3, p. 8

Characteristics of Life - 10

1) Movement – change in position; motion – inside and outside 2) Responsiveness – reaction to a change 3) Growth – increase in size 4) Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells 5) Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

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Characteristics of Life

6) Digestion – breakdown of food substances 7) Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids 8) Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids 9) Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into different substances 10) Excretion – removal of wastes

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Metabolism

• Physical and chemical events that release and utilize energy • All the previous characteristics of life involve metabolism

Table 1.4, p. 9

Requirements of Organisms

Water most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport - regulates body temperature Food - supply energy - supply raw materials

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Requirements of Organisms

Oxygen - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - atmospheric pressure (exerted by gas) – important for breathing hydrostatic pressure (exerted by fluids) – keeps blood flowing

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Homeostasis

“Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment” Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes

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Receptors - provides information about internal and external environment

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Control center - tells what a particular value should be and processes a response to information

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Effectors - causes response to change of internal environment

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Positive feed back – promote frequency & intensity of process – ie ↑ breathing rate with exercise

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Negative feedback – reverses trend of process – ie rising internal body temperature above 98.6 F

Homeostatic Mechanisms

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Body Cavities

Thoracic cavity = pleural cavity (lungs) + mediastinum (heart, esophagus, thymus, trachea) ↓ Diaphram ↓ Abdominopelvic cavity = abdominal cavity (stomach, pancreas, liver, spleen, gallbladder, large and small intestine + pelvic cavity (terminal large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs) 1-12

Serous Membranes

Visceral layer Parietal layer – covers an organ – lines a cavity or body wall-”guards perimeter” Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura ( lungs ) Parietal pleura ( lungs ) Visceral pericardium ( heart ) Parietal pericardium ( heart ) Abdominopelvic Membranes

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Visceral peritoneum

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Parietal peritoneum

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Serous Membranes

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Table 1.2, p. 8, Summaries pp. 16 - 19

Organ Systems

skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands bones, ligaments & cartilage skeletal muscles & tendons 1-15

Organ Systems

brain, spinal nerves cranial nerves, spinal cord autonomic system pituitary, thyroid, pancreas adrenals, reproductive, thymus parathyroid glands End of A&P I heart, arteries, capillaries, veins & blood lymphatic vessels lymph fluid & nodes, spleen and thymus

Organ Systems

mouth, tongue, teeth salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small & large intestine nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra scrotum, testes epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland bulbourethral glands urethra and penis ovaries uterine tubes uterus, vagina, clitoris vulva 1-17

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward Terms of Relative Position

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Superior versus Inferior – top vs bottom

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Anterior versus Posterior –

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Medial versus Lateral – front vs back of structure middle vs away from middle of structure

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Ipsilateral versus Contralateral –

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Proximal versus Distal – same side vs opposite side closer to body vs away from body – usually associated with extremities

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Superficial versus Deep –

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Peripheral – near surface vs more internal outward from central structure or near surface

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Body Sections

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Sagittal / Median leave left & right portions

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Transverse / Cross - leave top & bottom portions

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Coronal or Frontal - leave front & back portions

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Oblique cut at angle in any of the planes

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Abdominal Subdivisions

Vertical line – through center of breast Horizontal line – 11 th rib & ASIS of pelvis “Cross hairs” on navel Locate: liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine, spleen, diaphram, urinary bladder

Body Regions

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Let’s Review

• What is anatomy?

• What is physiology?

• The synthesis of the protein hormone insulin is an example of which characteristic of life?

• Define homeostasis.

• How is homeostasis usually maintained?

• What are the 11 organ systems of human body?

Review

• List the levels of organization in ascending order • The nose is ______ to the ear.

• The hand is _____ to the shoulder.

• The elbow is ____ to the wrist.

• The head is ____ to the neck.

• Lt breast is ________ Lt lung.

• The Rt foot is ________ to the Lt eye.

• Define visceral/parietal membranes.

• What are 10 characteristics of life?

Study Guides

• FYI—terms Page 1 & Page 25 • Preview next chapter before next lecture!

• www.mhhe.com/shier10 - answers to chapter summaries, self quiz, interactive activities

THE END

Clinical Application Medical Imaging

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Noninvasive procedures

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Provide images of soft internal structures Ultrasonography

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Use of high frequency sound waves

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Relatively quick and inexpensive Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Requires injection of dye

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Produces computerized transverse, frontal, and sagittal sections of area being studied

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