Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 1

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Hints for note taking

• Listen to the teacher – Repeating ideas or terms – Emphasizing • Make your own short hand – and = +, &, or / – With= w/ without w/o • Don’t get lost in copying: information is in your text book or online!!!!!

• Highlight, underline, use different colors of pencil/ink to help show key concepts……but do not color your page!

• Don’t bury your information: skip lines use tabs • Read your book and fill in missing info or add to your notes.

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I. Divisions of study

“ the study of the human body is an interdisciplinary science. It consists of fields that focus on structure or function” ( Wingerd p. 4)

1.

Anatomy :

describes the location, appearance and relationships of body parts. (Greek – “a cutting up”) a. Gross anatomy: study w/o aid of a microscope b. microanatomy: study by microscopic examination c. Histology: study of tissues d. Systematic anatomy: body structures within an organ system e. Regional anatomy: study by region 3

Divisions of study

2. Physiology – study of function, mechanisms that operate body functions. (Greek – “relationship to nature”)

a.

Structure is always related to function 4

II. Medical terminology

1. Origins a.

Greek & Latin roots considered universal language b.

Makes descriptions more precise.

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2. Pronunciation a. 6 specific rules 1. underline is primary accent: cerebellum (ser-e-bel-um ) or it may be CAPITALIZED: (ser-e- BEL-um) 2. A Secondary accent is an marked by an accent (‘): ( ser’-e-bel-um) 3. Unmarked vowel ends a syllable, it is long, marked with a macron (ˉ ).

Immune = ( i-mūn’) 4. A syllable ends with a consonant, it’s unmarked vowel is short and marked with a breve (˘).

Cranial= ( Kra-ne-ăl) 6

Practice:

• Homeostasis = ( ho’-mē-ō-STĀ-sis) • urease = (u-re-ās) • Apophysis = (ă-pof-i-sis ) • Edema = (ĕ-dēm-ah) • Acetabulum= ( a’- se-TAB-yoo-lum) 7

3. Word parts a. Root word: the meaning or core part of the word that usually describes a body part . There can be one or more root words. gastr- stomach cardi- heart b. Prefix: attached to beginning of a word to modify the root such as location of an organ, the number of parts, or time involved. Not all words have a prefix. an- no, without anti- against c. Suffix: attached to the end of a word to modify its meaning. such as condition, disease process, or procedure. May have more than one. e.g. –ic, -al = pertaining to -ase enzyme 8

d. Combining vowel: -usually an

o

or

i

that is used between a root and suffix. -combining form is when root has its combining vowel attached. root word= adip- fat combining form= adip/o -When a suffix begins with a vowel (usually an i) the combining vowel is dropped.

1. meneng/o ( membranes) + - itis ( inflammation) = menengitis 2. cardi/o ( heart) + itis ( inflammation) = carditis 3. epi-(above, upon, on) + gastr-(stomach) + -algia (pain) = epigastrialgia 9

Word parts example Medical term Prefix+root Root+ suffix Combining form + suffix Prefix + suffix Prefix + root+ suffix Compound root + suffix Anti-(against) + thyroid (thyroid gland) Antithyroid+ against the thyroid, suppressing thyroid activity Gastr-(stomach) + -ic (pertaining to) Cardi-(heart) + /o(cv) + -logy (study of) An- ( no, without) + -emia ( blood) Epi-(above, over) + gastr (stomach) + algia (pain) Ot/o(ear) + rhin/o(nose) + laryng/o ( throat) + -logy (study of) Gastric= pertaining to the stomach Cardiology = study of the heart Anemia = without blood Epigastraliga= pain above the stomach Otorhinolaryngology = branch of medicine dealing with the study of the ear nose and throat( ENT) 10

Lets practice some words

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Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

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Anatomical Terms of direction

term definition example Ipsilateral Same side of body Contralateral Superficial Deep Opposite side of body Nearer to the surface Farther inward Right arm is ipsilateral to right hip Right shoulder is cotralateral to left hip The skin is superficial to the bone The bone is deeper than superficial muscle 13

Term Peripheral Central Prone/ pronate Supine/ supinate Definition example Nearer the outside perimeter The capsule is in the peripheral area of the kidney Toward the center The bone marrow is in the central cavity of the bone Face down, palms down/ to move rotate downward Lying in prone position/ rotate the palms down Lying face up, palms up/ move rotate upward Lying face up/ rotate the palms upward as if to hold something 14

term Dorsal/Posterior Ventral/ Anterior Cranial/superior Caudal/ inferior definition example Nearer or towards the back The backbone is dorsal to the belly Nearer or towards the belly/front The sternum is ventral to the backbone Toward the head or higher than the humerous is superior to the radius.

Toward the tail or lower than The xyphoid is at the inferior end of the sternum.

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term proximal Distal medial lateral definition Closer to the point of attachment Farther from point of attachment Toward the midline Away from midline example The humerus is proximal to the carpals The phalanges are distal to the metacarpals The bladder is medial to the hip The ribs are lateral to the lungs 16

term palmer plantar definition the palm The sole of the foot example In supination. The palmer surface is facing up We walk on our plantar surface 17

Directional terms

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Planes of Body

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Sagittal / or Median / Parasagittal : vertical division of that separates into right and left sides

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Midsagittal = equal left and right sides.

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Transverse or Horizontal : horizontal line that separates body into superior and inferior or top and bottom

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Coronal or Frontal : Vertical line that separates body into ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) or front and back portions

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Body Sections

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• • •

Cross section

: through width of a section

Oblique

: diagonal through section

Longitudinal

: through length of section

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Body Sections

Cross section oblique longitudinal 22

Body Sections

Let’s quiz!

Sagittal/ midsagittal Horizontal/ transverse Frontal/ coronal 23

Standard deviants: anatomical positions

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Levels of Organization

Subatomic Particles – Atom electrons, protons, neutrons – hydrogen atom, lithium atom Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell Tissue – simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system Organism - human

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Levels of Organization

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Lab 1 next

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Body Regions

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Dorsal( posterior) and Ventral( anterior) cavities Cranial cavity -brain Dorsal Cavity Spinal cavity -Spinal cord Thoracic cavity -lungs Esophagus Heart(mediastinum) Main vessels Ventral cavity Abdominal cavity viscera Liver Spleen -kidney Stomach intestines Pelvic cavity -urinary bladder Rectum Reproductive organs (internal) 33

Body Cavities

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Abdominal Subdivisions

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Quick quiz

• What cavity hold the intestine?

• What cavity holds the heart?

• What system is responsible for movement?

• What structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

• What is in the name of the posterior/dorsal cavity of the body?

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Thoracic & Abdominal Membranes

Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall -forms the lining of cavity -more superficial than visceral membrane

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Parietal pleura: lines wall of thoracic cavity

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Parietal pericardium: Lines mediastinum that hold the heart

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Parietal peritoneum: Lines the abdominal cavity Visceral layer – attaches to and covers an organ -is immediately deeper than parietal membrane

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Visceral pleura: connects to and covers lungs

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Visceral pericardium: connects to and covers the heart

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Visceral peritoneum: line all the organs of the abdominal cavity

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Cavities/membranes

Time to reflect… write a quick summary that describes and differentiates the parietal and visceral membranes.

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Characteristics of Life

Movement – change in position; motion Responsiveness – reaction to a change Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

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Characteristics of Life

Digestion – forms breakdown of food substances into simpler Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

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Requirements of Organisms

Life depends on five environmental factors

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water

•

food

• •

oxygen heat

•

pressure

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Requirements of Organisms

Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials

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Requirements of Organisms

Oxygen (Gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

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Homeostasis

Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes

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Receptors - provide information about stimuli

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Control center - tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point)

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Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment

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Homeostatic Mechanisms

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Homeostatic Mechanisms

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Time to reflect

• Summarize how homeostasis is controlled in the body.

• How does the body use homeostatic mechanisms to control body temperature?

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Health and Disease

Disease

–

Any reduction in the body’s ideal state

.

•

Lesion – structural change in a body part or region caused by a disease.

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Acute – expected to last a short time.

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Chronic – lasts a longer duration.

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Symptoms – sensation that can be correlated w/ an origin from disease.

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Diagnosis – process of identifying a disease from its symptoms. The first step in treatment

.

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Health and Disease

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Classification of Disease Congenital – arise before birth. Can be inherited from parent(s), but usually due to genetic code. (Cerebral Palsy)

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Immunological – Caused by a reaction of the body to an invasion by foreign substances. (AIDS)

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Metabolic – Affects metabolism directly. (MD)

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Neoplastic – caused by abnormal growth and/or reproduction of cells in which they develop into lesions.

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What is on the test

• Multiple choice • Matching (body systems & parts of body & terminology - Short answer: Be able to define homeostasis and explain how it is regulated in the body. (temperature control) 51