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Introduction to Anatomy

The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, thought the heart, not the brain, was the location of intelligence and thought.

The word "brain" appears on an ancient paper-like document (a "papyrus") called the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. 1700 BC

Avicenna

(980-1037):

…. higher mental functions are stored in the ventricles.

حيرشت باتـكرد انيس نبا هب فورعم ) م 908 ـ 1037 ( انيس نب يلع نب نسح نب اللهدبع نب نيسح يلعوبا سيئرلا خيش باب رد لصف هس ، نوناق باتـك رد ، هتخادرپ يبصع متسيس حيرشت دروم رد ثحب هب ) هيناسنا قياقح ،ءاضعلاا حيرشت ( دوجولا زكر م و هتسناد يم طبترم يسنج روما و ندب ياهيراميب اب ار يناور ياهيراميب يو تسا هدرو ا طلاخا ةرابرد لصف ود رد و اهجازم .

تسا هدرك يفرعم عاخن و زغم رد ار يناور لامعا زغم نديمان يارب ار ) Encephalon ( نولافسنا ةژاو و هتخادرپ رس و زغم ، باصعا ياهيراميب حرش هب نوناق مود باتـك رد رد يو .

تسا هداد حيضوت كي ره موزل اب طابترا رد ار اهن ا شياديپ و هدرك حيرشت يبوخ هب ار ءاضعا يمامت لصف نيا رد .

درك عادبا ، نايذه ، دردر س ، جلف ، بذاك گرم ، عرص ، هلمج زا يبصع ياهيراميب و هداد حرش ولق هس بصع ةرابرد راب نيلوا يارب باتـك نيا .

تسا هدرك حرطم حورشم روطب ار اهن ا نامرد و يــيايلوخيلام ياهيراميب Avicenna’s Canon remains the primary source of reference for almost 500 years.

Overview of Anatomy

   Anatomical terminology from ancient Greek and Latin Branches of anatomy  Gross anatomy  Microscopic anatomy   Cytology Histology  Developmental anatomy  Embryology  Comparative anatomy Scale uses metric system

Structural organization from simplest to most complex

      Chemical Cellular Tissue – group of cells similar in structure and function Organ – 2 or more tissue types performing specific function Organ system – group of organs acting together to perform specific function Human organism

Levels of Organization:

Anatomy at Different Scales (Metric Scale)

Organ systems

           Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic/immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive



Branches of anatomy



Gross anatomy

 Microscopic anatomy  Cytology  Histology  Developmental anatomy  Embryology  Comparative anatomy

                 Gross Anatomy  The anatomical position (see right)  Directional and regional terms Medial v. lateral Proximal v. distal Cephalad v. caudad Interior v. superior Superficial v. deep Ipsilateral v. contralateral Flexion v. extension Ulnar deviation v. radial deviation Dorsiflexion v. plantar flexion Eversion v. inversion Medial rotation v. lateral rotation Abduction v. adduction Supination v. pronation Protraction v. retraction Elevation v. depression Rotation

Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane (also called coronal) (also called XS – cross section)

Body Planes, Sections and Lines



Sagittal

- any longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts 

Mid-sagittal

or median plane- divides the body into equal right and left halves 

Coronal

- longitudinal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts 

Mid-coronal

- divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts



Horizontal or axial plane-

transverse plane passing through the body at right angles to the longitudinal plane; divides into superior and inferior portions

Sectional Anatomy

3 sectional planes:



transverse ( or cross) section



frontal (or coronal) section



sagittal section (mid- and para-)

 Body cavities and membranes  Dorsal cavity divided into cranial and vertebral  Ventral cavity containing viscera (visceral organs) divided into two main cavities   Thoracic cavity   2 lateral pleural cavities Central mediastinum containing pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity  Abdominal cavity  Pelvic cavity  Serous cavities are slit-like spaces lined by serous membranes (serosa):   Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ  Other smaller cavities: in head, between joints

Body Cavities

Serosa

Naming of serous membranes (serosa) : 1.) parietal or visceral Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ 2.) pericardial, pleural, or peritoneal* Pericardial: heart Pleural: lungs Peritoneal: abdominal *The 2 nd adjective can become a noun: pericardium, pleura, peritoneum

In the clinic: Abdomino-pelvic Regions