Transcript Chapter 13: The Expansion of American Industry

Chapter 13: The
Expansion of American
Industry
Section 1:
A Technological Revolution
http://172.17.0.9/?a=24371&ch=1
3 Minute madness
► Imagine
how many times a day you use
your phone. List approximately how many
times a day you use it and the types of calls
that you make.
► If you lived before the telephone was
invented, how do you think you would have
communicated with other people? How
would your life be different without a
phone?
Setting the Scene
► Turn
to page 456 and follow along as we
read about Samuel Morse and his telegraph.
Essential Question
How and why did people’s daily lives change
in the decades following the Civil War?
Changes in Daily Life
Life in the 1900s
Life in the 1860s
► No indoor electric
► Between 1860 and 1890 the
lights
government issued almost 500,000
► No refrigeration
patents–licenses
► In 1860, most mail
► Power stations across the country
from the East Coast
provided electricity for lamps, fans,
took ten days to reach
the Midwest and three
printing presses, and many other
weeks to get to the
appliances.
West Coast. A letter
► By 1900, there were 1.5 million
from Europe to a
person on the frontier
telephones in use all over the
could take several
country
months to reach its
destination.
A Technological Revolution
Technology
Examples
Impact on Daily Life and
Business
Electric Power
Refrigerator
Reduced food spoilage
Communication
Telegraph/Telephone Connected families in
distant parts, facilitated
expansion of national
businesses
Transportation
Railroad network
Revolutionized personal
travel; led to time zones,
transformed the nature of
business and industry
Bessemer
Process
Mass of steel
production
Led to new industries and
products, as well as the
development of skyscrapers
and modern bridges
New Inventions
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People develop new forms of Energy
Edwin L. Drake
Struck oil in Pennsylvania in 1859. New uses for oil grew
rapidly. Oil refineries sprang up around the country as oil
became a big business.
Thomas A. Edison
An inventor from New Jersey who experimented with
electric light. Developed a workable filament for the light
bulb and the idea of a central power station to make
electric power widely available.
Lewis Latimer
Worked in Edison’s lab and patented an improved method
for producing the filament in light bulbs
George
Westinghouse
Experimented with a form of electricity called alternating
current, which was less expensive and more practical than
direct current, which Edison had used. By using a
transformer, he improved the capabilities of power stations
to make home use of electricity more practical.
The Railroads
On May 10, 1869, the transcontinental railroad, extending
from coast to coast, was finished with the hammering of a
golden spike at Promontory Point, Utah.
► led to the development of many towns throughout the
western part of the United States.
► Before railroads, each town kept its own time, based on
the position of the sun. In 1883, the railroads adopted a
national system of time zones to improve scheduling, with
four different time zones, eastern, central, mountain, and
pacific. As a result, the clocks in broad regions of the
country showed the same time, a system we still use
today.
►
Railroads
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Railroads and Industry
► Played
a key role in revolutionizing
business and industry in the United States
in several key ways.
 They provided a faster, more practical means
of transporting goods.
 They lowered the costs of production.
 They created national markets.
 They provided a model for big business.
 They encouraged innovation in other
industries.
Bessemer Process
► In
1856, Henry Bessemer received the first
patent for the Bessemer process, which made
steel production easier and less expensive.
► The Bessemer process made possible the mass
production, or production in great amounts, of
steel.
► As a result, a new age of building began. The
Brooklyn Bridge, designed with steel cables
suspended from high towers, was one important
project that was made possible by the mass
production of steel.
The Brooklyn Bridge: A Symbol of
American Success
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The Growth of Big Business
► Chapter
13 Section 2
► Pages 467 - 472
3 Minute Madness
► Write
down what you think is the difference
between a “mom and pop” business and a
“big business”.
► Why do you think this time period (18601900) saw the birth and rapid growth of
many different types of big businesses?
Setting the Scene
► Open
your books to page 467 and meet
Andrew Carnegie, one of the most
successful business leaders of American
history.
Essential Question
► Why
were American industrialists of the late
1800’s called both “robber barons” and
“captains of industry”?
Andrew Carnegie
Robber Baron or Captain of
Industry?
► http://172.17.0.9/?a=49531&ch=4
The Story of Oil: John D.
Rockefeller and the Standard
Oil Company
Robber Baron or Captain of Industry?
► http://172.17.0.9/?a=75385&ch=2
Causes
Features
Effects
Growth of Big
Business
Methods
Government
Relations
CAUSES
•Technological boom
•Heavy Investment in technology
•Railroads encouraged the
expansion of big business
•Social Darwinism helped create
•favorable public opinion
Features
•Large pools of capitals, large scale
of business operations
•Wider geographic span
•Revised role of ownership, many
owners, “professional managers”
•New administrative techniques
•Oligopolistic
•Economies of scale
•Robber barons vs. captains of industry
Effects
•Raised standard of living in the United States
•Opened up many jobs for immigrants and failed farmers
•Business cycles, including economic booms and downturns
•The United States became an industrial power,
bringing new strengths and new challenges
Government Relations
•Friendly to big business
•Minimal interference in business practices
•Sherman Antitrust Act passed in 1890;
used against labor unions, not big business
Methods
•Vertical consolidation
(Carnegie Steel)
•Horizontal consolidation
(Standard Oil)
•Formation of Trusts
•Economies of Scale
•Movement toward monopolistic
control of their industry
Industrialization and Workers
► Chapter
13 Section 3
► Pages 473-476
3 Minute Madness
► Look
at the tags in the articles of clothing
that you are wearing today (shirts, shoes,
book bags, etc.). Make a list of the
countries where these items were made.
Essential Question
► What
were the positive and negative effects
of industrialization?
Setting the Scene
► Turn
to page 473 and meet 13 year old
Sadie Frowne, a polish immigrant from
Poland.
Effects of Industrialization
Event/Aspect
Positive Effects
Negative Effects
Growing Work Force
Open up many new jobs for Increasing supply of
immigrants and ex-farmers workers drives wages
down; whole families are
forced to work
Scientific Management Increases business
and Division of Labor efficiency and productivity
Workers are unhappy
being manage in this
way; work becomes
more routine; increased
efficiency can lead to
layoffs.
Piecework Salary
The more you produce, the
more you get paid –
benefits stronger, younger
workers
No insurance for injuries;
older slower workers get
paid less for the same
number of work hours
Unsafe/Unhealthful
Conditions
None
Negative impact on
worker health-especially
children
Read
page 476 – Working Families and
answer the following questions:
► Read
 Why was it necessary for entire families to
work?
 By the end of the 1800’s, how many children
were working?
 Why did children work?
Look at the photos on page 476- How do you
think Americans at the time reacted to photos
such as these?
The Darker Side of Progress: Poor
Working Conditions in Factories
► http://172.17.0.9/?a=35984&ch=4
The Great Strikes
► Chapter
13 Section 4
► Pages 477 - 483
3 Minute Madness
► Working
with a partner, choose the ways
people would react to the following
situation:
 Restaurant workers are told than unless they
agree to work four additional evening hours
each week for no extra pay, they will be fired.
Essential Question
► What
were the successes and failures of
labor unions?
Setting the Scene
► Open
your books to page 477 and hear
what Samuel Gompers has to say about
workers and their poor working conditions.
Labor Unions
Successes
Failures
The Knights of Labor protected
railroad wages from being cut in 1885
through the use of the strike
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
turned violent, giving the public and
the government a bad taste for labor
unions
Unions helped workers during bad
economic times and provided a
support base for struggling workers
The Haymarket Riot of 1886 turned
violent
Unions provided a forum for workers
to express and file their complaints to
employers
The Homestead Strike of 1892 turned
violent
The AFL introduced collective
bargaining as a useful tool for workers
Pullman, 1894: The ARU lost a battle
against the government, Eugene V.
Debs was arrested, and the ARU was
dissolved
The ARU successful organized an
industrial railroad workers’ union and
won a battle for workers against the
In general, labor unions could not gain
the government support they needed
Homestead Strike
► http://172.17.0.9/?a=49531&ch=6
Current Strikes
► http://www.nydailynews.com/topics/Labor+
Strikes+and+Disputes