Western Migration, Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration

Describe the westward growth of the United States, including the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny leading to conflict with Native Americans.

Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West, including the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor, Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee, Examine the problems of American farmers, solutions offered by populism in the late 19th Century and identify the major goals and achievements of the reformers

The New Industrial Age 1876 - 1900

Economic Wheel

BAD

Slow Less Jobs Less Opportunity

GOOD

Fast More Jobs More Opportunity

Hands OFF v. Hands ON

Chapter 15 READING SHEETS

Chapter 15 Immigrants and Urbanization Section 1: The New immigrants

Between 1870 and 1920, approximately _____ million Europeans arrived in the United States. Before 1890, most had come from countries in western and northern Europe. However, increasing numbers began to come from __________ and ________________ Europe. In 1907 alone, about a million arrived from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. Many left to escape religious persecution (whole villages of Jews were driven out of Russia under Pogroms) and others left because of rising population which resulted in scarcity of land and jobs.

________________ immigrants will arrive on the west coast in smaller numbers. Between 1851 and 1883 _________ arrived. Many came to seek fortunes after the discovery of Gold in California. They helped build the __________, they turned to farming, mining, domestic services and business, although Chinese immigration was sharply limited by a ____________________________ in 1882. In 1884, the Japanese government allowed _______________ planters to recruit Japanese workers.

Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration

Analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.

Identify the Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, and Samuel Gompers, Describe the Homestead Strike, Haymarket Square, and the 1894 Pullman strike as examples of industrial unrest, Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants' origins to southern and eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban America, Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the West Coast, Evaluate the effects of increased urbanization, including overcrowding, pollution, poverty, crime, but also, improvement in quality of life due to the availability of resources,

Ch. 14

the New Industrial Age

“

The Expansion of Industry

” – Edwin L. Drake – Bessemer Process – Thomas Alva Edison – Alexander Graham Bell – Christopher Sholes “

The Age of Railroads

” – Transcontinental Railroad – Central Pacific – Union Pacific – George Pullman – Credit Mobilier Scandal – Granger Laws (Munn v. Illinois) – Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 “

Big Business & Labor

” – Andrew Carnegie

Vertical Integration Horizontal Integration

– Social Darwinism – John D. Rockefeller

Robber Barons Standard Oil

– Sherman Anti-Trust Act – Working Conditions-Unions

American Federation of Labor

–

Samuel Gompers Industrial Unionism

–

Eugene Debs Socialism / Communism

– Haymarket Affair – Homestead Strike – Pullman Strike – Mother Jones (Miners) – Pauline Newman garment workers

Industrialization, Urbanization, Immigration

Describe the economic, social and geographic impact of the growth of big business and technological innovations in the United States after Reconstruction.

Describe technological inventions, such as the telephone, automobile, airplane, and Thomas Edison's electric light bulb and phonograph, and their impact on American life Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between the North and South through an examination of population, functioning railroads, and industrial output Explain the impact of the railroads on industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business, Identify John D. Rockefeller, Sr. and the Standard Oil Company, Andrew Carnegie and Carnegie Steel, and the rise of trusts and monopolies, to include horizontal and vertical integration, Identify the Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, and Samuel Gompers, Describe the Homestead Strike, Haymarket Square, and the 1894 Pullman strike as examples of industrial unrest,

Capitalist Ideas

In the early 1800s, the middle-class owners of railroads, factories, and mines began supporting

laissez-faire economics



They believed that freedom from government controls would mean a growing economy with material progress for all people.

Adam Smith

Industrial leaders relied on the ideas of

Adam Smith ,

a Scottish economist who set down the workings of a laissez-faire economy.



In

The Wealth of Nations

(1776), Smith stated that an economy works best when the natural forces of supply and demand operate without government interference.

As the Industrial Revolution gathered momentum and spread throughout the world, Smith’s ideas profoundly influenced economic thought and practice.

6 of 26

GROWTH IN AMERICA

CAUSES EFFECTS

( TECHNOLOGY

= Science applied to Business )

the wealth of nation is based upon (equation)

1-

NATURAL RESOURCES , Oil, Coal, Iron, Water 2 GOVERNMENT

support for business development a growing

URBAN

population that provided

3 CHEAP LABOR

and

4 NEW

markets for selling

5- new PRODUCTS .

*N

ew Markets = Growth = New Jobs*

The New Industrial Age 1876 - 1900

( TECHNOLOGY

= Science applied to Business )

Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) A merican T elegraph & T elephone Electric Power Thomas A. Edison (Light Bulb) ( Central Power Station ) Westinghouse -Alternating Current

– Impact of Electricity on daily life

Bessemer Process

Lifestyles (

STEEL

)

mass production : easier, cheaper

– Impact on New Products / New

By the 1920’s, the United States have become the leading

INDUSTRIAL

power in the world. This immense industrial boom was due to:

the wealth of nation is based upon (equation)

1-

NATURAL RESOURCES , Oil, Coal, Iron, Water 2 GOVERNMENT

support for business development a growing

URBAN

population that provided

3 CHEAP LABOR

4-

NEW

markets and for selling 5- new

PRODUCTS .

ew Markets = Growth = New Jobs*

*N In 1859,

EDWIN L. DRAKE

steam engine to drill for

OIL

successfully used a in Titusville, PA. This breakthrough started an

OIL

boom.

GASOLINE

, a byproduct of the refining process, was originally thrown away, but after automobiles became popular, it became the most important part of oil.

In 1887, prospectors discovered more than 100 miles long and up to 3 miles wide in the Mesabi Range in

MINNESOTA

.

IRON ORE

deposits At the same time,

COAL

more than 250 million tons.

IRON

was a production skyrocketed from 33 million tons to is a dense metal, but is soft and tends to break down and rust. Removing the carbon produces lighter, more flexible and rust resistant metal that was needed was make it more readily available

CHEAP

manufacturing process.

STEEL

. All The

BESSEMER

process was developed by British manufacturer

HENRY BESSEMER

and American ironmaker

WILLIAM KELLY

in 1850. In this age of rapid change and

INNOVATION

, even this process was bettered in the 1860’s. It was eventually replaced by the steel from

SCRAP METAL OPEN-HEARTH

process, allowing manufacturers to produce quality as well as raw materials.

The

RAILROAD

with thousands of miles of track became the biggest customer for steel, but inventors soon found new uses for it.

JOSEPH GLIDDEN’S McCORMICK

barbed wire and and

DEERE’S

farm machines helped transform the plains into the food producer of the world. 1 of the most remarkable structures was the

BROOKLYN BRIDGE

. Completed in 1883, it spanned 1,595 feet of the East River in NY City.

WILLIAM BARON JENNY

will design the first skyscraper. With a steel frame to support the weight, however, architects could build as high as they wanted.

In 1876,

THOMAS ALVA EDISON

became a pioneer on the new

INDUSTRIAL

frontier when he established the world’s first research laboratory in

MENLO PARK, NJ

. There he perfected the

INCANDECENT LIGHT BULB

- patented in 1880 and later an entire system for producing and distributing

ELECTRICAL POWER

. Another inventor

GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE

along with Edison, added innovations that made

ELECTRICITY

safer and less expensive. AC-DC (Alternating Current v. Direct Current)

This harnessing changed the nature of business in America. By 1890,

ELECTRICITY

ran numerous machines. This inexpensive convenient source of energy soon became available in homes and spurred the invention of

TIME-SAVING APPLIANCES

.

ELECTRIC STREET CARS

made urban travel cheap and efficient and also promoted the outward growth of cities. It also allowed manufacturers to locate their plants

WHEREVER THEY WANTED

, which allowed industry to grow like never before.

CHRISTOPHER SHOLES

invented the typewriter in 1867 and changed the world of work. Next to the light bulb, however, perhaps the most dramatic invention was the

TELEPHONE

unveiled by Thomas Watson and

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL

in 1876. It opened the way for worldwide communication. These inventions also affected office work and created new jobs for women. Although women made up less than

(FIVE) 5

% of all office workers in 1870, by

1870

they accounted for nearly 40% of clerical workers.

It also impacted on factory work. Women had previously sewn clothing

BY HAND

, but with industrialization clothing will be

MASS-PRODUCED

in factories, creating a need for garment workers, many of whom will be women. The county’s expanding urban population provided a vast potential for new

INVENTIONS

and products of the late 1880’s.

By 1856, railroads extended west to

MISSISSIPPI

, and three years later they crossed the

MISSOURI

River. Just over a decade later, the

CENTRAL PACIFIC

&

UNION PACIFIC

met at

PROMONTORY POINT

Utah on May, 10, 1869. A

GOLDEN SPIKE

marked the spanning of the nation by the first

TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD

. The railroads brought the dream of available land, adventure and a fresh start for many Americans, made possible by the harsh lives of railroad workers. The

CENTRAL PACIFIC

will employ thousands of Chinese immigrants, while the

UNION PACIFIC

employed thousands of Irish immigrants, out of work Civil War veterans to lay tracks across the treacherous terrain.

Though linked in space, each community still operated on it’s own time. In 1869, to remedy this problem,

C. F. DOWD

proposed that the earth’s surface by divided into

24

time zones, one for each hour of the day. Under this plan, the United States would contain

FOUR (4)

zones,

EASTERN, CENTRAL, MOUNTAIN, PACIFIC

. Finally on November 18, 1883, railroad crews and towns across the country synchronized their watches.

In

1884

an international conference set worldwide time zones. The rapid growth of railroad line also fostered the growth of

TOWNS

, helped establish

NEW MARKETS

, and offered rich opportunities for both visionaries and profiteers. As a part of a nationwide network of supplies and markets, individual towns began to

SPECIALIZE

in particular products.

CHICAGO

soon became known for its stockyards and

MINNEAPOLIS

for its grain industries.

In 1880,

GEORGE PULLMAN

built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and railroad cars on the Illinois prairie. Pullman created his company town out of the desire for control and profit. In some other railroad magnates, these desires turned into self-serving corruption. In one of the most infamous schemes, stockholders in the

UNION PACIFIC R.R

.

formed, in 1864 a construction company called

CREDIT MOBLIER

. A congressional investigation of the company eventually found that the officers had taken up to $23 million in stocks, bonds and cash.

Farmers were especially affected by corruption in the railroads. The

GRANGERS

- members of a farmers’ organization founded in 1867 – began demanding governmental control over the railroad industry. In response to these abuses by the railroads, the

GRANGERS

took political action. They sponsored state and political candidates, elected legislators, and successfully pressed for laws to protect their interests.

In 1877, in the case of

MUNN v. ILLINOIS

, the Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws by a vote of 7 2, that “established maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibited discrimination”. In 1886,the Supreme Court, however, will rule that a state could not set rates on interstate commerce, Congress passed the

INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT

in 1887. This act reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established a

FIVE (5)

member

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Section 3 “Big Business and Labor”

Andrew

CARNEGIE

rise from rags to riches, along with his passion for supporting charities made him a model of the American success story. He entered the

STEEL

business in 1873 after touring a British steel mill and witnessing the awesome spectacle of the Bessemer process in Action. His success was due in part to management practices that he initiated and that soon became widespread. First, he continually searched for ways to make better products more

CHEAPLY

Second, he attracted talented people by offering them

STOCK

in his company.

He will attempt to control as much of the steel industry as possible by maintaining

VERTICAL INTEGRATION

, a process in which he bought out his suppliers – coal fields, iron mines, ore freighters and railroad lines – in order to the raw materials and transportation systems. He also attempted to buy out competing steel producers. This process of

HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION

companies producing similar products merge. By the time he sold his business in 1902, his company produced by far the largest portion of the nation’s steel.