Transcript Document
Exploring Hybrid School Bus Technology
Where it started
http://content.lib.washington.edu/u?/imlswrvm,61
And then
And finally, modern technology
Internal Combustion Engine
Nikolaus August Otto, patented 1876 Incorporated into nearly all private passenger vehicles Plentiful petroleum led to gasoline Fuel mixed with air then injected Uses electric spark for explosion 250+ million cars now registered in U.S.
Diesel Engine
Rudolph Diesel, inventor 1878 Another form of internal combustion engine Direct fuel injection No spark plug Fuel ignites at its flash point More efficient than gasoline engines of day
Current IC Engines
Thermal efficiency (26-34%) Mechanical efficiency (94%) Overall efficiency (20%) Emissions • • • • • Particulate matter NO x Sulfur oxides Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/102spring2002_web_projects/z.yates/zach%27s%20web%20project%20folder/eice%20-%20main.htm
Most school buses today have diesel engines.
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Alternatives to Petroleum-based Fuels
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) • Cleaner because do not emit nitrogen and sulfur oxides, or all the particulate matter • Still releases carbon dioxide Hydrogen fuel cells (used at Vancouver Olympics) • • • • Only emission is water vapor Lots of energy required to generate hydrogen Lack of infrastructure Currently prohibitively expensive
Diesel-electric Hybrid
Combines diesel engine and fuel with rechargeable battery system Greatly improves miles-per-gallon Captures energy otherwise lost during braking – ideal for routes with frequent stops Somewhat more expensive up-front cost Long-range savings realized by purchasing less fuel and less maintenance on engine
Parallel Hybrid System
Power is stored in the lithium ion battery when the bus is coasting or brakes are applied.
An electric motor/generator mounted between the engine and the transmission generates electric power.
The vehicle uses stored energy to add power back into the transmission when the throttle is depressed.
http://www.thomasbus.com/bus-models/green-buses/saf-t-liner-c2-propane.asp
If the hybrid system goes offline for any reason, the bus automatically switches back to the conventional powertrain system.
For More Information
The NEED Project
www.need.org
1-800-875-5029
Energy Information Administration U.S. Department of Energy
www.eia.gov
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