Transcript Document

Exploring Transportation
Where it started
Steam Engines
http://vulpeslibris.wordpress.com/2010/07/02/riverboat-the-evolution-of-atelevision-series-and-the-steamboat-era-both-by-s-l-kotar-and-j-e-gessler/
http://chuckmanchicagonostalgia.wordpress.com/2012/11/25/photo-chicago-train-chicago-st-paul-minneapolis-andomaha-railroad-steam-engine-93-and-crew-early/photo-chicago-train-chicago-st-paul-minneapolis-and-omaharailroad-steam-engine-93-and-crew-early/
And finally, modern technology
Internal Combustion Engine
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Nikolaus August Otto, patent 1876
Part of nearly all private passenger vehicles
Plentiful petroleum led to use of gasoline in the engine
Fuel mixed with air then injected
Uses electric spark for explosion
250+ million cars now registered in U.S.
Diesel Engine
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Rudolph Diesel, invented 1878
Another form of internal combustion engine
Direct fuel injection
No spark plug
Fuel ignites at its flash point
More efficient than gasoline engines of day
Current IC Engines
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Thermal efficiency (26-34%)
Mechanical efficiency (94%)
Overall efficiency (20%)
Emissions
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Particulate matter
NOx
Sulfur oxides
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Alternatives to Petroleum-based Fuels
 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
• Cleaner, does not emit nitrogen and sulfur oxides, or all the
particulate matter
• Still releases carbon dioxide
 Hydrogen fuel cells (used at Vancouver Olympics)
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Only emission is water vapor
Lots of energy required to generate hydrogen
Lack of infrastructure
Currently prohibitively expensive
Alternatives to Petroleum-based Fuels
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LNG
Fuel blends (Ethanol, biodiesel)
Hybrid vehicles
All Electric vehicles
For More Information
The NEED Project
www.need.org
[email protected]
1-800-875-5029
Energy Information Administration
U.S. Department of Energy
www.eia.gov
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