Napoleon & Nationalism

Napoleon’s Reforms / Empire Congress of Vienna Revolutions in Latin America Nationalist Revolutions in Europe

Rise of Napoleon

1. Saves Government from uprising 2. Seen as a National Hero with victories in Europe 3. Coup de Tat in 1799 over Directory 4. Plebiscite (vote of people) for a New Constitution 5. Napoleon had all real power

Napoleon’s Actions

1. Fairer Taxes 2. Stopped corruption in government with Lycees 3. Concordat with Pope / Clergy gained more power 4. Napoleonic Code (code of laws) 5. 1804 becomes Emperor 6. Not content as Emperor of France, wants to control Europe

Napoleon Creates an Empire 1807-1812

After becoming emperor of France, Napoleon looks to expand France’s empire in Europe Napoleon had unpredictable strategies that crushed opposition Lost only one major battle to British, Battle of Trafalgar (Horatio Nelson) 1812- greatest extent of Napoleon’s empire (only lasted 5 years)

Napoleon Empire Collapses 3 Costly Mistakes

The Continental System (blockade) Peninsular War (Guerillas) Invasion of Russia (Scorched Earth Policy)

Napoleon Empire Collapses 1815

Napoleon is defeated at battle of Liepzig (sent to Elba) The Hundred Days and the Battle of Waterloo Sent to St. Helena (died in 1821) Legacy of Napoleon ???

Congress of Vienna

European Leaders meet to bring peace and stability to Europe

Klemens von Metternich

of Austria, most influential leader Has 3 Goals Containment of France Balance of Power Legitimacy

Congress of Vienna Legacy

Victory for Monarchies / (France and Great Britain only Constitutional Monarchies) Nations afraid of Revolutions Holy Alliance (Russia, Austria, Prussia) Concert of Europe (not a success) Values of French Revolution eventually spread throughout Europe

Latin American Independence

Haiti, first territory to free itself from European rule

Toussaint L’Ouverture

begins movement for indepencence Independence achieved under Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Latin American Society

Peninsulares- men born in Spain Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America Mestizo’s- persons of European/Indian ancestry Mulattos- persons of European/African society Africans Indians

Causes of Latin American uprisings

Unfair Latin American hierarchy Creoles / Enlightenment ideas Creoles / New King of Spain

South American Independence Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) San Martin (Argentina) December 9 th 1824, battle of Ayachucho Dom Pedro (Brazil)

Mexican Independence September 16 th 1810,

Padres Miguel Hidalgo

and the Grito de Dolores 1811 Jose Maria Morelos leads rebels (defeated in 1815) 1821 Austin de Iturbide declares independence in 1821 United Provinces of Central America declared independence in 1823

Nationalism Changes Europe

Loyalty not to King/Empire but to a nation of people with common culture/history 1830 Greece wins independence from Ottoman Empire Failed Revolutions of 1848

Nationalism Changes Europe France

 1848 Paris mob overturns monarchy and establishes a republic  Election of Louis Napoleon  Took on title of emperor

Russia

 Russia behind Europe  Alexander II frees the serfs in 1861  Alexander III tightens Czar control but helps to modernize Russia

Bonds of a Nation-State Definition US example Bond Nationality Language Culture History Religion Territory

Nationalism Shakes 3 Empires Austria-Hungarian Empire

 Composed of Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, Slavs and Italians

Russian Empire

 Composed of Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks  Russification

Ottoman Empire

 Composed of Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians and Armenians  1856 Equal citizenship was granted

Italy creates a nation state

1848, Giuseppe Mazzini tries to create a republican government

Camillo di Cavour

 Alliance with France to unite Northern Italy  General Garibaldi unites Southern Italy Challenges after Unification  Rome becomes seat of government  Tensions among provinces  Language  Economics

Germany creates a nation state Otto Van Bismark

Master of

Realpolitik

War to mold a state  War with Dutch for Schleswig and Holstein  7 weeks war with Austria  Franco-Prussian War Second Reich is born  Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser Wilhelm