Transcript napoleon iii 2014

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When the revolutions of 1848 died down in France, there were four
candidates for president. The Constituent Assembly wanted a strong
executive—and they wanted the president to be elected by universal male
suffrage—all men eligible to vote.
Among the four candidates was a
Napoleon—a second Napoleon, LouisNapoleon Bonaparte.
Who was he? He was the son of Napoleon’s brother, Louis,
who had married Hortense, Josephine’s daughter. So, in fact
Louis-Napoleon was a descendant of both Napoleon and
Josephine.
Napoleon’s son died at 19 in 1832, so his
nephew, Louis assumed the position as head of
the family.
He was filled with thoughts of glory, he wanted
to capitalize on his famous connection.
He was helped by what historians call the
“Napoleonic legend.” It is a fact that Napoleon’s
reputation grew after his death---and after the
memories of the millions who died as a result of his
policy faded away…
Twice this young Napoleon tried to seize power,
in a way that would be similar to Hitler’s
Putsches in the 1920’s
• In Strasbourg in 1836
• In Boulogne in 1840
He was not successful and had to flee to
England. But he waiting in the wings for
his time…and that time came with the
collapse of the government in 1848.
Louis Napoleon played it both ways: he was a friend
of the common people, and yet wanted law and order.
Some said his sympathy for the common man was a
trait he inherited from his gentle mother Hortense, the
daughter of Josephine.
And in 1848…after the first upheaval, the
French were asked to vote for a new
President…and whose name was the most
recognized on the Ballot?
Louis Napoleon, nephew of the
glorious Napoleon.
The votes were counted:
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5,400,000 for Louis Napoleon
1,500,000 for Cavaignac
370,000 for Ledru-Rollin
18,000 for Lamartine
So, Louis Napoleon became President of
France.
HOW??
Nationalism
• Nationalism = liberal, idealistic, democratic,
sometimes radical
• 20th Century proves that nationalism wears many
masks
• Naps I- Combined National devotion with
authoritarian rule
• Naps III revived this and extended it with
“Authoritarian Nationalism” (THE MODEL)
nd
2
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•
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REPUBLIC
Puzzling to historians (How did this happen)
Name Recognition
Romantic Movement (already covered)
LAW AND ORDER CANDIDATE
Positive Program- (Role of government)
Immediately he took steps to fortify his
power.
• He brought in a new constitution in May
1849.
• He divided and conquered by allowing
the various factions to fight amongst
themselves.
• He ousted violatile socialist factions in
1849
He also allowed the Catholic Church to control the
education system, provided it suppressed any socialist
elements that would threaten peace.
Then, in a more aggressive move, he
rescinded universal male suffrage—making
sure that the poorest, or most republican
voters, were disenfranchised (could not
vote).
Coup d’ etat
• December 2, 1851
Again, this was similar to Hitler’s
methods of gaining power…
But Bonaparte still did not have absolute
power. He gave back universal male
suffrage—put his “people” in charge of
the military and police, and declared the
Assembly dissolved.
A year later, Napoleon declared himself Napoleon III,
and France an empire—the second empire—his uncle,
Napoleon had ruled the “first empire.”
France sent troops
into Italy to protect
the pope—they
remained there for 20
years.
Napoleon III
would rule
France as a
complex
dictator.
LIBERALEMPIRE
Part II
Napoleon III and the Second
Empire.
A short man, like his uncle, he was not a great
organizer, leader, or soldier like the first Napoleon--
But this new Napoleon had more sympathy
for the poor and respected public opinion
than his famous uncle.
Napoleon III wanted modern progress for
France—he embraced the Industrial Revolution
with all its improvements.
Napoleon III
ordered that Paris
be modernized.
Old medieval
buildings were
blown up.
Streets were widened to prevent barricades being
built. The army could now gain easier access to
the city.
He diminished the power of the legislature,
the elected body of France—this was a
natural step toward consolidating power.
They held a sumptuous court.
The great Opera house was built—
complete with Phantom!
Sewers and water supplies
improved…subways began to be built.
The French built the
Suez Canal…
Railroads were built…
Easy Avenues of Credit
developed..
The Stock Exchange boomed—and
people became fantastically wealthy.
Hospitals and asylums were established and
“free”(taxed) medicine distributed.
Yet, Napoleon
believed in Free
Trade—and signed a
free trade agreement
with Great Britain.
This angered Prussia
and other European
countries.
But by 1860, the French“Empire” was
running into trouble…
Opposition from many sides meant that
Napoleon III allowed for more Legislative
influence…
Despite Napoleon’s promise that there would be peace and his
domestic popularity…foreign entanglements loomed for France—they
spelled doom for the Second Empire.
The Crimean war was fought in 1854-1856
The Crimea is a peninsula that juts
out into the Black Sea.
It was originally obtained by
Catherine the Great in 1783.
Russia wanted to exert influence at in the
Balkans, and possible take the Bosphurus from
the Turks.
France and England decided to join the
dispute to stop Russia’s ambitions.
Step one: Russia makes demands on Turkey in
an attempt to enlarge influence.
Step two: Russia moves in on Walachia and
Moldavia—Austria Hungary moves to protect
these Balkan provinces.
Step 3: France & Britain join against Russia—
little Sardinia also joins to attempt to get France
to help with Italian unification.
Step 4: The British blockade the Bosporus
straits--restricting Russian Trade.
Step 5: The French and English “land” on
the Crimean peninsula to push back the
Russians.
The Charge of the Light Brigade is a
part of Step 5.
Interesting Fact—the highest award for
bravery in the British Empire is the
Victoria Cross, made from a captured
Crimean War Cannon.
Step 6: Austria and Hungary move into
Walachia and Moldavia
During the Crimean War, Florence
Nightingale transforms modern
nursing.
Nicolas I of Russia dies—his son Alexander II
immediately makes peace.
Total death toll Crimean
War:
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450,015 Russia
95,615 France (weakens Napoleon III)
45,400 Turkey
22,182 British
2, 194 Piedmont
The Crimean War was poorly
planned and poorly fought—a kind
of 19th century Vietnam.
The conditions of the Congress of
Vienna were now “blown up” and
each nation was acting for its own selfinterest…
Russia and Austria returned to their corners…both
faced problems at home…
• Russia had lost almost 500,000 men just because it wanted
to be a “big boy” and gain influence in the Balkans and
Turkish regions. Many of the peasants, who lost sons, saw
this as another reason to hate the Romanov Tsars.
• Austria had to deal with simmering nationalism among the
Hungarians, Serbs, Croats, Czechs and Slovaks. They, too,
resented fighting for “Austrian” interests.
This weakened the
influence of Austria
and
Russia…preparing a
way for both Italy
and Germany to
unite.