Ch 18 Section 1

The French Revolution Begins

Background  Began 1789  Create new political and social order  Causes:  Immediate – Economic  Long-range – Inequality in society  Three

Estates

(classes/orders of society)

Long Range Cause  Three Estates     1st Estate- Clergy  Religious leaders 2 nd Estate- Nobility  Leaders in government, military, courts, and church offices 3rd Estate- Commoners  Paid taxes the clergy and nobility did not have to pay

Bourgeoisie

(BURZH-WAH-ZEE)   Middle Class Merchants, bankers, professionals

Immediate Cause  Financial Crisis  1787-88  Bad harvests (crops)   Less manufacturing Food shortages  Rising prices  Unemployment  King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette   High government spending New taxes

Representation  3 rd Estate wanted more votes in government (Estates-General)   Met at Versailles King refused  Formed the National Assembly  Created a constitution 

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen  Inspired by U.S. Constitution and English Bill of Rights  Enlightenment Ideas  Freedom of Speech & Press  Equal Rights  Public Office  No Tax Exemptions

What About Women?



Olympe de Gouges

 Writer  Women should have same rights as men 

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

 National Assembly ignored her

Impact of the Declaration  King was forced to accept the Declaration  Mobs of women and men attacked his castle  National Assembly seized and sold the lands of the Catholic Church  Clergy must be elected

“…detachments of women coming up from every direction, armed with broomsticks, lances, pitchforks, swords, pistols, and muskets.”

New Constitution  Constitution of 1791  Limited monarchy  Legislative Assembly makes laws  Leads to the downfall of King Louis XVI

Ch. 18 Sec. 2

Radical Revolution and Reaction

The Move to Radicalism  Paris commoners became radicals   Revenge on people who helped king/resisted revolution Poor   Encouraged to use violence what they wanted Lead by Georges Danton, Jean-Paul Marat, & Maximilien Robespierre

Fate of the King  The French Republic was formed   Abolished the monarchy & created a republic Condemned King Louis XVI to death  Executed on a guillotine  Outraged all European Monarchs

Reign of Terror  1793-1794  Lead by Maximilien Robespierre 

Committee of Public Safety

 40,000 people killed  16,000 under guillotine  Executions held in places that openly rebelled  Closed churches

End of the Terror  By late 1790s, French defeated most enemies  Austrian Netherlands  Robespierre   Obsessed with power Rid France of corruptors  National Convention- guillotined on July 28, 1794  Reign of Terror ended  Moderate rulers

The Directory  Committee of Public Safety lost power  Churches reopened  New constitution- Aug. 1795  National Legislative Assembly  Legislative body (makes laws)  Chosen by

electors

(voters)  Must own or rent property worth a certain value

Bell Ringer #3  How did Napoleon Bonaparte impact France?

Ch 18 Sec 3

The Age of Napoleon

Directory Problems   Executive directors 

Directory

(corrupt)  Unable to find a solution to problems

Coup d’etat

government sudden overthrow of   Led by Napoleon Bonaparte Ended Directory

The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte  Dominated France and Europe from 1799-1815 

Child

of the Revolution  “I am the revolution”

Early Life From Military to Emperor   Commander  Speed, Deception, & Surprise Coup d’etat (1799)  Overthrew Directory    New Government 

Consulate

Consul

for life

(1802)  Absolute Power Crowned himself Emperor (1804)

Domestic Policies  Peace with Catholic Church   Papal Agreement (1801)  France will be Catholic,

BUT

the French people keep church land seized in the revolution

More Domestic Policies  Codification (

organization)

of laws  7 codes of Law 

Civil Code

(

Napoleonic Code

)   Revolutionary Ideas Equality

Even More Domestic Policies  Ability based bureaucracy (

system of government

)  Merit (

not birth right)

based nobility  Civil or Military

Negative Domestic Policies  Eliminated freedom of press  Closed 60 of 73 newspapers  Manuscripts were approved before published  Mail opened by government police

Napoleon’s Empire   1802  Short lasting peace treaty 1803  War broke out with Britain  Defeated Austria, Prussia, Russia

Napoleon’s Empire Con’t 1807-1812 master of Europe (3 parts) 1.

French empire (inner core) 2.

3.

Dependant states (kingdoms under rule of relatives) Allied states (defeated states forced to join Napoleon in defeating Britain)  Spread Revolutionary ideas

European Response  Empire collapsed (2 reasons)  Survival of Great Britain (naval power) 

Nationalism

(unique cultural identity of people based on commonalities)  Language    Religion Hated as oppressors Stirred patriotism of others

The Fall of Napoleon   June 1812- Invasion of Russia (600,000 French Soldiers)  Russia refused to fight   Retreated and burned their own cities  Napoleon started “Great Retreat”  40,000 soldiers Other countries attacked France’s crippled army Napoleon exiled to

Elba

 Louis XVIII takes power