Transcript The French Revolution and Napoleon

1780-1815
A Story that Matters
• Fall of the Bastille p. 546
– Why It Matters
• Questions to ponder:
– Do you believe the Bastille was stormed to set
prisoners free, because it was a a symbol of
oppression, or as the first step to overthrow the
French Monarchy?
– What is the difference between a revolt and a
revolution?
Background to the Revolution
• France’s society was based on inequality
– The __________________
• 1st: _________ (130,000 people who owned 10% of the land)
– Exempt from the taille (France’s chief _____)
• 2nd: ____ (350,000 people who owned about 25-30% of the land)
– Held leading positions in government, the military, the law courts, and
church offices
– Also exempt from the taille
• 3rd: __________ (made up overwhelming majority of population)
– Peasants largest segment-75-80% of population (owned 35-40% of the
land)
– Skilled _____________
• Rise in prices > Increase in wages (hurts buying power)
– _________________ (Middle Class: merchants, bankers, lawyers, etc.)
• 8% of population; owned 20-25% of land
Resentment
• ________________ no longer existed, but French
peasants still had obligations to their local landlords that
they deeply resented
– I.E. Fees to use facilities; Contributions to clergy
• Artisans struggle to survive (from their lack of purchasing
power) leaves them angry with little to lose
• Bourgeoisie unhappy with the privileges of the nobles
• Aristocrats/Bourgeoisie unhappy with monarchical system
resting on privileges and on an old and rigid social order
• Immediate cause of the Revolution: The Near
Collapse of Government ___________
– Bad harvests in 1787/1788 led to food shortages, rising
prices, and unemployment
– Nearly ______ of the population was poor!
– Despite these problems, the French government
continued to spend enormous amounts on _________
and court ____________
• Queen Marie Antoinette known for her extravagance
– Louis XVI was finally forced to call
a meeting of the ____________________ to
raise new taxes (had not met since 1614!)
The Estates-General
• The French Parliament
– Each estate received one
vote
• Sounds fair right? What’s the
problem?
• Third Estate breaks away
and calls itself the ______
________ (June 17, 1789)
– Drafts a constitution
– Locked out!
• ____________________:
Swore that they would
continue to meet until they
had produced a French
Constitution
What’s a King to Do?
• Louis XVI prepares to use force against the
Third Estate
– However…before he was ready, a mob of Parisians
stormed the _______________ (armory and prison)
and dismantled it
• Louis XVI could no longer trust his royal
troops!
– No troops=no _________________________
– Popular revolutions break out throughout France
The National Assembly
• “_______________________________”
– Inspired by the American Declaration of
Independence and Constitution
• “the natural and imprescriptible rights of man” to
“liberty, property, security, and resistance to
oppression”
• Freedom/Equal Rights for all; access to public office
based on talent; Freedom of speech
• Ended tax exemptions
• Read p. 554 and answer #1-3
– Draw a picture at the bottom of your paper showing an early event of the French
Revolution
• Possible topics: Poverty of France, Marie Antoinette and her luxuries, the
Tennis Court Oath, storming of the Bastille, women protesting the lack of
bread, Louis XVI’s return to Paris, or the war with Austria
Connections Around
the World
• Read “A National Holiday”
– P. 551
• “A National Holiday” Poster Assignment
– Every nation celebrates its Independence
day with different kinds of festivities. For
example, in the U.S. many people have
BBQ’s and watch firework displays.
– Choose two other nations and research how
each nation and its people celebrate their
Independence Day.
• Create an illustrated poster or chart showing your
results.
– The more creative you are, the better your grade.
– Must have facts about their Independence Day as
well as what people do for it!
Louis XVI’s next move…
• Louis XVI had remained at _____________
– Refused to accept the National Assembly’s decrees
on the abolition of feudalism and the Declaration of
Rights
• October 5, 1789
– The _____________ come to him!
• “detachments of women coming up from every direction,
armed with broomsticks, lances, pitchforks, swords,
pistols, and muskets”
– Told of how they and their children were starving and forced
him to accept the new decrees
– Stated that he should return to Paris to show his support for the
National Assembly
Other Changes
• Church Reforms
– National Assembly needed money so they seized and
sold the lands of the church
– French Government now controlled the Church
• Bishops/Priests were __________________
• Many view ____________s as the enemy of the Revolution
• Constitution completed in 1791
– Set up a _____________ monarchy
• There would still be a king, but a Legislative Assembly would
make the laws
Will this spread elsewhere?
• Neighboring nations did not want to find out
– Austria and Prussia threatened to use force to restore Louis
XVI to full power
• National Assembly _________________ and declares war on Austria
(which goes badly)
• The Paris ____________: group of radicals who
organized a mob attack on the Legislative Assembly
and the royal palace
– Took the King captive and forced the Legislative Assembly to
suspend the monarchy and call for a National Convention (to
be chosen on the basis of ________________________)
The Move to Radicalism
• Georges Danton (leader of the Paris
Commune) seeks ________ on those who
aided the king and resisted the popular will
– Arrested and massacred thousands
• National Convention officially abolishes
the limited monarchy and sets up a
________________
• What will happen to Louis XVI?
– National Convention sentences him to _____
(1793); Read V.F.T.P. p 555
• Infuriated other European royalty
– Took up arms against France
How will France defend itself ?
• National Convention
gave broad powers to a
special committee of
12 known as the
“________________
_________________”
– Headed by Georges
Danton first, then by
Maximilien _________
• Committee of Public Safety in control
– Job: defend France from foreign and
domestic threats
– 40,000 killed (16,000 by the ____________)
– Read about the killing of a whole city (Lyon) p. 558
– Claimed brutality was only _____________
• After the wars and domestic crisis was over, the Declaration of
Rights of Man would be fully realized
Attacking Christianity
• In trying to create a new order that
reflected its belief in _______, the
National Convention pursued a
policy of ___________________
– Removed “St.” from street names
– Closed and pillaged churches
– New ____________ (not from birth of Christ but
from September 22, 1792-the 1st day of the French
Republic)
• End Result: Failed to work because France was still
overwhelmingly Catholic
• Would ultimately change the nature of modern warfare
– Tell me more…
• Read quote on p. 560
• HUUUUUGEEEEE! (over one million)
– Successfully pushed back enemies
• Important step in the creation of modern nationalism
– Got most of the population, not just professional soldiers,
involved in wars (although because of this, wars became more
destructive too)
• Propaganda
Writing
Assignment
– P. 561 #9
Terror Over, New Government
• National Convention reduced the power of the
Committee of Public Safety
– Churches allowed to reopen
– New Constitution (wanted
more stability)
• Created a 2-House Legislature
– Council of 500 (initiated laws)
– Council of __________ (250 people who accepted or rejected)
• Both Councils were chosen by ______________ (individuals
qualified to vote in an election
• Council of Elders selected 5 people to act as “The
___________” (who would rule along with the legislature)
The Directory
• The Directory’s Reign
– Time of ________________
– Had many political enemies
– Unable to find a solution to the
country’s continuing economic problems
– Relied on the _____________ to maintain its power
– Met its end in 1799
• Popular General ______________________ leads a coup
d’etat (sudden overthrow of the government) and seizes
power
The Age of
• “Voices from the Past” p 563
• “I Am The Revolution”
– French Revolution made it possible for him to rise up
through the military
• Early Life
– Born in _____________ right after
it was annexed
– Read the works of the philosophes
and educated himself in military matters
Napoleon: The First Consul
• Overthrows the Directory
– Creates the “________________”
• Theoretically a republic, but Napoleon had absolute power
• Napoleon’s Domestic Policies
– Make friends with the Church
• Papal agreement: Catholicism is major
religion, church doesn’t ask for land back
– Most famous achievement: _______________________
• Included was the Civil, or Napoleonic, Code
– Preserved most of the gains of the revolution by:
• recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law
• the right of the individual to choose a profession
• religious toleration
• the abolition of serfdom
– Powerful, centralized bureaucracy: advancement based on ABILITY
• Read p. 566-567
– Take Notes in the Margin!
The European Response
• Napoleon thought his empire
would last forever
– Two reasons contributed to its
collapse:
• The Survival of ___________________
– Britain’s ___________ was unmatched
• Napoleon couldn’t invade
• The Force of _________________ (a
unique cultural identity of a people based
on common language, religion, and
national symbols)
– France hated as oppressors
– Showed other nations what national pride
was
The Fall of Napoleon
• The Invasion of Russia
– Lead 600,000 men into Russia
• Needed a quick defeat, but Russians didn’t ___________!
– They ______________ for hundreds of miles, burning their own villages and
countryside along the way
– Why would they do this?
• Kept Napoleon’s forces from finding ____________!
– Retreated all the way to Moscow (which was ablaze when Napoleon got there
• Lacking food and supplies Napoleon begins the “_________________”
• By now it was winter time…IN RUSSIA
• Less than 40,000 of the 600,000 made it back to France in 1813
• End Result: Gave other nations _________
to rise up and attack the crippled French Army
– Paris was captured in 1814
• Napoleon exiled to the island of ___________
The Final Defeat
• King Louis XVIII takes over, but has
little support
– Napoleon escapes Elba and returns to
France
• _______________________________
• However, Napoleon convinced them to follow
him!
– Returns to Paris triumphantly!
• Powers that had defeated Napoleon
pledge to remove him again
– Napoleon attacks Belgium
• At ___________ in Belgium on June 18, 1815
Napoleon met a combined British and Prussian
army under the Duke of Wellington and
suffered a bloody defeat
– Napoleon exiled to __________________