Chapter 12.3: The Protestant Reformation Global Studies I

Key Terms • • •

Christian humanism

stressed a belief in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves

salvation

acceptance into heaven

Indulgence

a release from all or part of the punishment for sin

Erasmus and Christian Humanism • Protestant Reformation – name used for the reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups.

• What did Christian humanists believe was the best way to reform the church and society?

– individuals needed to be changed first – reading classics and Christian works would cause people to become more pious (moral)

Erasmus and Christian Humanism • How did Erasmus pave the way for the Reformation?

– criticized the abuses in the Catholic Church along with other aspects of his society and called for reform

Religion on the Eve of Reformation • Why did Erasmus and others think that the Catholic Church needed to be reformed?

– Popes were more concerned with politics than spiritual concerns – Many church officials used their offices to gain wealth – Parish priests were often ignorant of their spiritual duties – Church was selling indulgences

Religion on the Eve of Reformation • What was the Modern Devotion?

– mystical movement that rejected dogma and instead stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus

Martin Luther • German monk and professor • What were the Ninety-five Theses?

– attack on the selling of indulgences – nailed to the door of the Catholic Church in Wittenberg in 1517

Martin Luther • What were the consequences of Luther’s Ninety-five Theses?

– Catholic Church excommunicated Luther in 1521 – Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire – Gave rise to separate religious reform movements – Breakdown of religious unity in Europe

Rise of Lutheranism

Salvation Sacraments Clergy and Marriage Church Services Lutheranism Catholicism

through faith in God alone by faith and good works Baptism and Eucharist seven sacraments clergy could marry clergy could not marry and had to be celibate consisted of Bible readings, preaching, and songs Catholic mass

Politics in the German Reformation • Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor – King of Spain – Wanted to preserve his empire by keeping it Catholic – Problems • Series of wars with France • Disliked Pope Clement VII, who sided with France • Invasion of eastern empire by Ottoman Turks

Politics in the German Reformation • German princes supported Luther • Charles V was forced to seek peace • How did the Peace of Augsburg influence the political and religious development of Germany?

– Formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany – German states could choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism