Transcript The Protestant Reformation Through Maps

The
Protestant
Reformation
R. H. Bainton
The Reformation of the 16c
Thus, the papacy emerged as something
between an Italian city-state and
European power, without forgetting at
the same time the claim to be the viceregent of Christ. The Pope often could
not make up his mind whether he was
the successor of Peter or of Caesar.
Such vacillation had much to do with the
rise and success of the Protestant
Reformation.
Caricature of Pope Alexander VI
by Martin Luther, 1545
Causes of the Reformation?
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Crises of the 14th & 15th centuries

Corruption in the Catholic Church
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Simony
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Pluralism
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Absenteeism
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Sale of indulgences
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Nepotism
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Moral decline of the Papacy

Clerical ignorance
Criticism
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John Wycliff (1329-84)

Jan Hus (1369-1415)

Thomas a’ Kempis (1380-1471)
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Erasmus
The Spread of the Printing Press
The
Holy Roman
Empire
in the 16c
Martin Luther
• At father’s urgings began to study law
at the University of Erfurt.
• Epiphany
• Augustinian Monk and later Professor at
University of Wittenberg, Saxony
• Philosophical problem- How could good
works ensure salvation?
Tetzel and Indulgences
• Crusades
• Cathedral of Saint Peter
• Leo X commissioned Tetzel to sell
indulgences to finance this venture
• “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a
soul from purgatory springs.”
95 Theses
• October 31, 1517
• Nailed or delivered????
• Criticism of Church authority
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Questioned scriptural authority
Initial indifference from Leo X
Defiance & protection
Debate
1520 Published theology of reform
Excommunication- 1520 Exurge Domine
The Spread of Lutheranism
Diet of Wurms (Worms) 1521
• Mandated for excommunications by
Charles V
• Luther refused to recant
– “Here I stand, I can do no other”
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“Edict of Wurms”
Protected by Frederick III
Confessions of Augsburg 1530
Many German states turn to Lutheranism
– Seizure of Catholic Church lands
Charles V, HRE (Hapsburg)
• STOP the spread of
Protestantism
• Tried to maintain
religious unity in
fragmented Empire
• Focused on war with
Ottomans and
dynastic struggle in
France (really sought to
unify Europe)
The Peasant Revolt – 1524-1525
aka Peasant’s War, German Peasant’s Revolt,
Swabian Peasant’s Uprising
• Twelve Articles:
– Demanded end to serfdom, tithes, hunting rights,
& other feudal practices
• Peasants resort to extreme violence
• Luther
– People should obey worldly authorities
– Sympathetic but abhors their violence
– Urges German princes to meet violence with
violence.
– BOTH Catholic and Lutheran forces will take part
in smashing the revolt- est 100k dead
Taking Sides
• Schmalkalden League
– Formed by Lutheran princes to defend against
Charles V
– Francis I of France allies with
• Habsburg-Valois Wars (5X—1521-55)
– Catholic France supports Lutherans to keep Germany
divided
– Charles wins but at what cost?
• Lutheranism spread everywhere
• Charles gives up on restoring Catholicism to the HRE
1555 Peace of Augsburg
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Cuius regio, eius religio
Voluntary(?) resettlement by religion
Results in permanent religious division
Reaffirms the independence of many
German states
• This division stunted German nationalism;
Germany will not be unified as a state until
1871
MORE PROTESTANTS
• Anabaptists:
– Rejected secular agreements
– No childhood baptism
– Rejected the Trinity
• Longterm
– Mennonites
– Quakers
– Unitarians
Calvin’s World in the 16c
calvinism
• John Calvin 1509-1564
• Studies as a priest and then a….
– LAWYER
• Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
– “Predestination”
– Theocracy in Zurich 1540
– Consistory
– Presbyterianism (Scotland)
– Puritans
Protestant
Churches
in
France
(Late 16c)
Reformation
Europe
(Late 16c)