Transcript Reformation Missions 1500 to 1800

Reformation
Missions
1500 to 1800
Part 1
For several hundred years people had
attempted to reform the Church, but every
attempt was met with persecution and
repression until the love for the Truth
compelled men to heroic action
1
Paradigm changes
Guttenberg Bible
 40 presses producing 1000 books a year each
 Portuguese and Spanish ships were exploring new worlds
 Scandals, simony, corruption, immorality, sale of
forgiveness (indulgences) in the Church demanded Reform
 Number of named saints at 10,000; will go to 50,000 by
1985
 Three major movements would break away from the
Roman Church
2
3 Branches of Christianity
Protestants -- Anglicans -- Anabaptists
3
Sacramental Salvation
Council of Trent (1545-1547)
"If anyone says that after the reception of the grace
of justification the guilt is so remitted and the debt
of eternal punishment so blotted out to every
repentant sinner, that no debt of temporal
punishment [during one's lifetime] remains to be
discharged, either in this world or in Purgatory,
before the gates of Heaven can be opened, let him
be anathema” Council of Trent
4
The real cause of the
Reformation
St Peter's Basilica Rome
 Indulgences based on assumption that sinners can never do
enough penance to pay for their sins
 They need to draw on “treasury of merits” of saints/Mary
 Crusade debt was paid by sale of indulgences
 St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome built on sale of indulgences
 Luther opposed indulgences for the dead in purgatory without
their confession and contrition
 Tetzel’s slogan: “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul
from purgatory springs”
5
The Spread of the Printing Press
The
Holy Roman
Empire
in the 16c
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
 Parish priest, University professor posts 95 thesis on door of
Wittenberg castle church doors Oct 13, 1517.
 Printed and distributed throughout Europe
 Lecturing on Romans discovered the “passive righteousness”
which justifies the sinner by faith
 Appeared at Diet of Worms in 1521, given 60 days to recant
 Kidnapped by Prince Frederick’s men, protected in castle
 Translated NT into German in 11 weeks – still published
 Model ministry: met daily and twice on Sunday for Bible
teaching
 Luther married a former nun, had six children; disciples
resided in his home
8
Martin Luther 1529
5 Key distinctives of Lutheran
Reformation
1.
Justification by faith alone (sola fide)
2.
Salvation by grace alone (sola gratia)
3.
Only the Bible as the authority for doctrine and practice (sola
scriptura)
4.
The priesthood of the believer and Christ was the only
mediator between God and humanity. God spoke directly to
the believer-priest through His Word.
5.
Promotion of congregational singing with the first hymnbook
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The Spread of Lutheranism
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
John Calvin (1509-1564)
John Calvin
 French student of philosophy, law and humanities, which he
later applied to theology
 Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion as a reasonable
explanation of the Protestant faith
 Invited to Geneva to teach and lead Reformation movement
(state-religion government)
 Taught from a logic-based argument, instead of inductive
Unregenerate men are dead.
Dead men are unable to respond to anything.
Therefore, men are unable
to respond to the gospel.
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Calvin’s World in the 16c
Protestant
Churches
in
France
(Late 16c)
Swiss Reformation: Zwingli (14841531)
 Priest of Zurich, student of Erasmus
Zwingli 1531
 Discovered conflicts between Bible and Catholic doctrine: esp.
Mary
 Presented 67 Articles to town council and convinced them to
only follow the Bible (not the pope).
 Of 15 major doctrinal issues, Zwingli agreed with Luther on 14.
 Sacramentarian Controversy split Reformers: Eucharist was
representative (Zwingli) or literal substance at consumption
(Luther)
 Some of Zwingli’s Greek students discovered believer’s
baptism
15
Dirk Willems saves pursuer who
captures him & burns him
Anabaptists
Felix Manz drowned 1527
 Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz broke from Zwinbelievers, not babies
 Anabaptist: “re-baptizers”
 Called for elimination of mandatory tithe, usury, and military service –
wanted a self-governing church free of state
 Condemned by council of Zurich in 1525 and persecuted viciously by
Catholics, Lutherans and Calvinists
 Not a single group, but at lest 4 distinct movements began
 Basic beliefs: separation of church and state, liberty to believe
according to conscience, church gli for refusal to admit baptism was
only for of willing believers, believer’s baptism, Immersion,
premillennialism, free will, separation from sin, Lord’s Table a
memorial, discipleship in godly living and commitment to building a
NT church – not reforming a dead one.
 Revived ancient law of Theodosius (375) against Donatists which
decreed capital punishment for rebaptizing of repenters from
apostatizing under persecution 16
4 Anabaptist
Groups
1. Radical Anabaptists: bring in the kingdom with the sword


Thomas Muntzer
Part of the Peasant’s Revolt, which provoked retaliation
2. Rational Anabaptists: spark of divinity, anti-Trinitarian,
pantheistic, allegorized the Bible into cosmic philosophy
3. Spiritualist Anabaptists: prophecy of end-times, attempted
to set up a theocracy (as Montanus)
4. Biblical Anabaptists: communal, pacifists, individual faith
and witness.


Became modern day Mennonites, Amish
Step-father to Baptists, Methodists and Non-denominational
17
Schleitheim Confession of
Anabaptists (Mennonites)
Menno Simons
1. True believers are to be disciples of Jesus – not just in
name
2. Acting on principles of love, they are to be pacifists
(neither war nor defense of self)
3. Congregational view of church authority

Believers are priests to each other and evangelists to world
4. Separation of Church and State, allowing a “free,
unforced, uncompelled people.”
18
The Anabaptists
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists
(Mennonites)
John Knox – Scotland (15101572)
 Turned the Scottish church to Calvinism
 Considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination
 Boldly taught that all ceremonies not specifically taught in the
Bible are idolatry, especially the Mass
 The castle where he resided was captured by French and he
spent 19 months as a galley prison chained to an oar
 Released in England, leads Reformation until Queen Mary
returns England to Catholicism and persecution
 Fled to Geneva (1554), then back and forth
 Return Edinburgh he was declared an outlaw; provoked a
revolution with his preaching
20
Henry VIII (1491-1547)
breaks with Rome
 First wife bore a daughter, Mary, and no sons with his first wife
Henry VIII King of
England
 Declared himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England to annul
his former wedding.
 With second wife, Anne Boleyn, Edward VI was born and became king
 Edward VI installed Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop to effect more
Protestant reforms
 When Edward died Mary took the throne restoring Catholicism, had
Cranmer executed and purged England of Protestants
 After ”Bloody” Mary died, for 100 years England vacillated between
the power of the state vs. power of the Church
 From 1649-1660 the State Presbyterian Church ruled until Charles II
restored Anglicanism, but eventually accepted a pluralism of Church of
England, Catholicism and Puritanism
21
Reformation
Europe
(Late 16c)
Puritans and Separatists
 Puritans felt English Reformation had not changed sufficiently
– remained too much Roman Catholic
 “Puritan” came for earlier reformers, the “Cathars,” Pure ones.
 Sought to change government from episcopacy to Presbyterianism
and reform the Book of Common Prayer
 They were non-separating Puritans (remained within Church of
England)
 Separatists, or “Nonconformists,” were Puritans who left the
Church of England
 Often persecuted and fled to other countries
 Mostly over parts of the Book of Common Prayer to avoid or use
 They would become known as the Congregationalists.
23
Beliefs of Puritans
 Emphasis on private study of the Bible
 Desire to see education for the masses, especially so they could
read the Bible.
 The priesthood of all believers.
 Simplicity in worship without vestments, images and candles.
 Refusal to celebrate the traditional holidays
 Believed that the Sabbath is obligatory for believers.
 Some wanted a Presbyterian model hierarchy, while other
wanted a Congregational model.
24
Catholic Counter
Reformation
Spanish Empire: N and S America, Africa, Philippine
Portuguese overseas Empire
 By 1501 there were Catholic colonies in S. Africa
 By 1515 Catholicism established in most of Latin America,
Central Africa.
 Before the Protestant Plymouth Rock (Separatist settlers in
1620), there were 7 Catholic Universities in C. America!
 Jesuit priests had been in the Colombian Amazon jungle for
400 years before I arrived as the first evangelical missionary
 Pope makes Line of Demarcation to avoid wars between
Spain and Portugal
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