Transcript The Reformation (Review)

The Reformation (Review)
VOCABULARY
• PAPAL STATES
• INDULGENCES
• MILLENARIANISM
• SIMONY
• NEPOTISM
• 95 THESES
• PEACE OF AUGSBURG
• HUGUENOTS
VOCABULARY
• EDICT OF NANTES
• ANGLICAN CHURCH
• ACT OF SUPREMACY
• LUTHERANISM
• CALVINISM
• PREDESTINATION
• ANABAPTISTS
• SOCIETY OF JESUS
• COUNCIL OF TRENT
Causes of the Reformation
1. Roman Catholic Church weaknesses
a. decline of Church prestige (Black Death (1300s),
Babylonian Captivity (1300s) & Great Western
Schism (1300-1400s) AVIGNON vs. ROME
b. pope too worldly
c. indulgences (Pope Leo X/Tetzel)
d. simony/nepotism
2. Message of Christian humanists
a. Rabelais, Thomas More, Erasmus (calls for reform within the
Catholic Church/individual Bible interpretation)
b. Vernacular, Greek translations of Bible vs. Latin , Latin Mass,
Vulgate (5th century)
Causes of the Reformation
3. Martin Luther’s influence:
a. humanistic education , millenarianism
b. his forerunners: John Wycliffe (England 1300s), Jan Hus
(Bohemia 1300-1400s)
c. series of works On Christian Liberty, Babylonian Captivity of the
Church, Freedom of
Christian Man. He stated his beliefs:
1-salvation through faith alone
2- Bible vs. power of pope
3- Sacraments (3 vs. 7)
4-Transubstantiation vs. Consubstantiation
5-Against celibacy, worship of saints
d. Appealed to nobles, princes of German states
1.Church ruled by state
2.Address to Christian Nobility of German Nations
3. The Freedom of the Christian Man
4. Peasants Revolt/ rejection of other sects (Anabaptists
and Anti-Trinitarians)
e. Expansion of Luther’s ideas: Ulrich Zwingli (Switzerland) ; John
Calvin (Switzerland)Calvinists, Presbyterians, Huguenots,
Puritans) ; Anglicanism (England)
Success of Reformation
1-Resentment
2-Slow response from Catholic Church
a. Papal Bull (1520)
b. 1521 Diet of Worms (Charles V, Frederick
of Saxony)
3-Printing press (95 theses)
4-Appealing
5-Successful in Netherlands, Scandinavia, Scotland,
England (less successful in South and East)
Roman Catholic response to
Reformation
1- Counter reformation and Catholic Reformation
2-Council of Trent 1545-1563
a. Firmly established beliefs
b. passed reforms to end abuses such as nepotism and simony
c. mandatory seminary education of clergy
d. call for more religious art, development of Baroque art
3-Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
a. Ignatius of Loyola
b. missionaries/educators
c. reformed church, ended abuses
4-Mysticism movement: spiritual revival, leaders St. Theresa of Avila,
St. John of the Cross
5-Inquisition/Index of Banned (Forbidden) books
FRQ prompts
• 1. Compare and contrast the Lutheran
Refomration and the Catholic Reformation of the
16th century regarding the reform of both
religious doctrines and religious practices.
• 2. Discuss the political and social consequences
of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of
the 16th century.
• 3. To what extent did political authorities
influence the course of the Protestant
Reformation during the 16th century?
War in Germany
1-1531 League of
Schamalkaden (Charles V
and the Sack of Rome 1527)
2-Peace of Augsburg (1555)
“he who rules his religion”
(Lutherans and Catholics)
Dutch Revolt against Spain
1) Philip II
2) Calvinism vs. Catholicism
(Duke of Alba/Council of
Troubles (Blood) )
3) Calvinist Union of Utrecht
(present day Netherlands)
4) Southern provinces
(Belgium) 1648
Civil War in France
1-Concordat of Bologna (1516)
and Francis I
2-1562-89 (9 civil wars)
3-St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre
4-Henry IV of Navarre 1589
(Edict of Nantes)
Thirty Years War
1-Peace of Augsburg not enough
2-Protestant Union ( German states, English,
French, Dutch) vs. Catholic League (Spain,
Habsburg Empire)
3- Who fought each other?
2-First Continental war involving all major
powers