Transcript Approach and Landing Accidents Reducing the Risk

Approach and Landing Accidents
Reducing the Risk
Presented by
Bryan W. Neville
Aviation Safety Inspector
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Risk Awareness
 The
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key is Understanding
Types of Accidents
 CFIT
– Mountains/Hills
 Landing
Long
 Landing Short
 Landing Hard
 Runway Excursions
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Causal Factors
 1.
Omission of Action or Inappropriate Action
by the Flight Crew
 (1. For Air Carriers: “Poor Professional
Judgment”)
 2. Lack of Positional Awareness-Horizontal
 3. Failure to Crosscheck and Coordinate
 4. Lack of Positional Awareness-Vertical
 5. Poor Aircraft Handling
 6. Slowed/Delayed Crew Action
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Risk Awareness
 Flight
Crew
 Airport Services and Equipment
 Approach
 Go-around
 Environment
 Aircraft Equipment
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Flight Crew
 Duty
Period
– Reduced Alertness
– Fatigue
 Flight
Hours
– Sedentary Activity
 Number
in Crew
– Single Pilot
– Two Pilot
– Additional Crewmembers
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Crew Briefing
 Single
Pilot
– Say it out loud!
 Single
Pilot with Passenger(s)
 Two Pilot
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Airport Services and Equipment
 Approach
Radar Service
– Minimum Vectoring Altitude
 Tower
Service
– “I’m unfamiliar with the area”
 Local
Weather Report
– Operating at the Time of Arrival
– AWOS/ASOS/ATIS/Observer
 Familiar/Unfamiliar Airport
– Physical Situation
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Airport Services and Equipment
 Familiar/Unfamiliar
Procedures
– Landmarks/Obstruction Avoidance/Noise
 Approach
and Runway Lights
– Review AIM
 Approach
Slope Guidance
– VASI
– PAPI
– ILS
 Foreign
Destination
– Language
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Approach
 Visual Approach
– Day vs. Night
 Nonprecision Approach
– Step-down Fixes
– Circling Procedure
 Runway
Change
 No Published STAR
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Go-around
 Go-around
– Terminating an approach to land, for any reason
 Missed Approach
– Termination of an Instrument Approach
 Rejected
Landing
– Terminating an approach to land, after the crew
has made the decision to land
 Rejected
Landing with Power at Idle
 Balked Landing
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Environment
 Terrain
– Mountainous
– Hilly
– Flat, but Sloping
 Lots
of Lights
 Lack of Lights
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Environment
 Visibility
–
–
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–
–
–
–
–
Restrictions
Darkness
Fog
Haze
IMC
Low Light (No Moon)
Mist
Smoke
Looking into the Sun
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Environment
 Visual
–
–
–
–
Illusions
“Black Hole”
Sloping Terrain
Wet Runway
Whiteout/Snow
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Environment
 Wind
–
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–
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Conditions
Crosswind
Gusts
Tailwind
Wind Shear
Microburst
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Environment
 Runway
–
–
–
–
Conditions
Ice
Slush
Snow
Water
 Cold
Temperature Effects
– True Altitude lower than Indicated Altitude
 Density Altitude
– Turns to Final
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Aircraft Equipment
 GPWS/EGPWS/GCAS/TAWS
 Radio Altimeter
– Always set 200 Feet or Higher
 TCAS
 Wind
Shear Warning System
 Altimeter
 Vertical Speed Indicator
 GPS/Moving Maps
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Summary
 Almost
all Approach and Landing
Accidents are Pilot Induced.
 Almost all Approach and Landing
Accidents are Preventable.
 Pilots should remember that all flights end
with the aircraft touching the ground.
– How they touch is up to the pilot!
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Any Questions?
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