Transcript Questions of Leadership

Questions of Leadership
Elizabeth Kelley, PhD.
March 3, 2007
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Questions of Leadership
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Question
1
What is leadership?
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Is leadership important?
3
How do management and leadership differ?
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Are leaders born or made?
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What do leaders do?
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How do you lead effectively in emerging environments?
7A & B
Why transformational leadership?
What IS transformational leadership?
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What kind of leadership will organizations need in the future?
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Effective Leaders
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Elizabeth 1
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Gandhi
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Winston Churchill
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Oprah
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Louise Arbour
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Ordinary Guy
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Norman Horrocks, OC
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Question #1
What IS Leadership?
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Various Definitions
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Leadership is the process by which a person exerts
influence over other people and inspires, motivates,
and directs their activities to help achieve group or
organizational goals. (McShane, 2000)
To take people to places they would not have gone,
and have them do things they would not have
done…. Because it is their own idea! (Kelloway, 2004)
Leadership is an intangible quality with no
definition. That’s probably a good thing, because if
the people being led knew the definition, they
would hunt down the leaders and kill them. (Scott Adams,
2000)
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Question #2
Is Leadership Important?
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It Depends on Who You Ask
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Implicit Leadership Perspective
Leadership Substitutes
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YES!!!
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complex, changing environment
lateral leadership requirement
employee retention
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Question #3
How Do Management and
Leadership Differ?
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Various perspectives
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Management is doing something right;
leadership is doing the right thing
Management deals with systems and
structures; leadership deals with people and
ideas
Managers control complexity; leaders initiate
change
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Question #4
Are Leaders Born or Made?
GREAT MAN STUDIES
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Leadership Competencies
1.
Drive
6.
2.
Leadership
motivation
Knowledge of the
business
7.
Emotional
intelligence
8.
Tolerance to
Stress
9.
HEIGHT
3.
Integrity
4.
Self-confidence
5.
Intelligence
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Leadership Competencies
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Indicate potential, not performance
Perceptions
Chicken or egg?
Universality bias
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Question #5
What Do Leaders Do?
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Behavioural Studies
Two independent behavioural dimensions:
people-oriented and task-oriented
 Results in four styles of leadership
 People-oriented – satisfied employees
 Task-oriented – inconclusive
 Universality bias
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Context Bias in Theory
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How does context influence
management thought?
Cold War climate – Leadership theory
connection
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Contingency Approach
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IT DEPENDS!!!
Focus on relationship between leader
and follower
Different styles for different situations
Transactional – focus on results, getting
job done
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Emerging Organizational
Environments
Issues:
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Information – access, control, usage, privacy,
security, technology
Distance – remote workers, customers, suppliers
Diversity – generational, cultural, gender, ability
Corporate social and environmental responsibility
Integrity
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CHANGE
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Question #6
How to Lead Effectively in
These Environments?
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Transformational Leadership
Aim is to elevate followers to higher levels
of performance (Burns and Bass)
 Also called “full range leadership”
and/or “authentic leadership”
 Focuses on leader-follower relationship
 Incremental to transactional leadership
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Question #7A
Why Transformational Leadership?
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It works
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unequivocal support in a variety of
environments (Judge & Piccolo)
increased employee job satisfaction,
organizational commitment, retention,
information sharing, innovation, individual
and unit bottom line performance
It can be taught
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improved organizational and individual
performance after training (Barling, Weber &
Kelloway)
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Question #7B
What specifically IS it?
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Idealized influence – Leader engenders faith, trust and respect
by consistently doing the right thing
Inspirational motivation – Leader sets high standards, presents
a vision, convinces individuals they can perform beyond
expectations; consistent actions cultivate trust
Intellectual stimulation – Leader encourages followers to think
for themselves, develops future leaders
Individualized consideration – Leader treats each employee as
an individual, focuses on employee development, demonstrates
compassion
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Ways to Enact TFL
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Idealized influence – make decisions transparent; give the
decision and its rationale
Inspirational motivation – talk positively, express confidence in
others; use the self-fulfilling prophecy – “I know you can do it”
Intellectual stimulation – ask “What if?”, “What do you think
we should do?”; STOP answering questions
Individualized consideration – make time for others as
individuals, MBWA, assign tasks on the basis of individual
abilities and developmental needs
RRSP MODEL
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Transformational Stories
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Ordinary Guy
Stacey, the teacher
Jack Welch…not?
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Question #8
What kind of leadership will
organizations need in the
future?
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Future Leadership Style
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Helping others succeed
Flexible
Collaborative
Inclusive
Participative
Relationship-oriented
Encourage knowledge sharing and creation
Encourage innovation
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TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
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Leadership in Other Emerging
Contexts
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Remote leadership
Knowledge-based organizations
Multi-generation workforces
Cross cultural workforces
Social/environmentally conscious
organizations
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Nothing New Under the Sun?
To lead people, walk beside them.
As for the BEST leaders, the people do
not notice their existence. The Next
Best, the people honor and praise. The
NEXT, the people fear; and the NEXT,
they hate.
When the BEST leader's work is done the
people say, "We did it ourselves". Lao Tzu
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Questions of Leadership…and some suggested answers
#
Question
Answer
1
What is leadership?
Influence, inspire, your choice
2
Is leadership important?
Yes, very (but not everyone agrees)
3
How do management and leadership
differ?
They are two ends of a continuum of full range
leadership; both required
4
Are leaders born or made?
Yes; you can learn to be transformational; some
do it naturally
5
What do leaders do?
It depends on who/when you ask – people and
task;
6
How do you lead effectively in
emerging environments?
Transformational Leadership
7A
Why transformational leadership?
It works and it can be taught
7B
What IS transformational leadership?
A leadership style that aims to elevate
performance beyond expectations: ask
questions, empower, role model, articulate a
vision and are CONSISTENT
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What kind of leadership will
organizations need in the future?
Transformational leadership
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