CRJ270 - Chapter 11
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Transcript CRJ270 - Chapter 11
Introduction to Criminology
CRJ 270
Instructor: Jorge Pierrott
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today
AN INTEGRATIVE INTRODUCTION
SEVENTH EDITION
CHAPTER
11
Crimes Against
Property
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter, students should be able to
answer the following questions:
• What are the major forms of property crime discussed in
this chapter?
• What constitutes the crime of burglary? What are some
of its characteristics?
• What constitutes the crime of larceny-theft? What forms
does it take?
• What is motor vehicle theft? How prevalent is it?
• What constitutes the crime of arson?
• What are some characteristics of persistent and
professional thieves?
• What are the typical activities of receivers of stolen
property, and how are stolen goods distributed?
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Stolen Art Business
http://www.fbi.gov/news/videos?selected=2f369b14-7c40-4346-b6c0-7f6fb9a44534
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Burglary
• Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) /FBI definition
The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft
Nevada definition – entry into a structure to commit a grand
or petit larceny, assault or battery on any person or any
felony, or to obtain money or property by false pretenses
• Residential burglaries do not involve direct
confrontation between victim and offender but can
cause fear with lasting effects
• Commercial burglaries can affect the continued
viability of the business
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Social Ecology of Burglary
• Lifestyle and routine activities theories
emphasize how criminal opportunity is
affected by victims' and offenders' everyday
activities/environments
Structure of social life affects ease/difficulty of
carrying out inclination to offend
Three ingredients are necessary:
• Motivated offender
• Suitable target and
• Lack of a capable guardian
• Highest risk are those with the highest and
lowest incomes.
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
A Typology of Burglars
• Low-level burglars
Spur of the moment crimes
Mainly juveniles, work with others,
easily deterred by locks, alarms,
security devices
Rewards not significant, many desist as
get older
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
A Typology of Burglars
• Middle-range burglars
Older, vacillate between crime and
legitimate activities
Less easily deterred
• High-level burglars
Professionals, work in organized crews
Earn a good living from burglary
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Locales and Times of Burglary
• Nighttime residential and daytime
commercial burglary are considered the
most serious
• Burglary is a “cold crime” because
there usually is little physical evidence
to link the offender to the crime
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Motivation of Burglars
• The most prevalent rationale is the
need for fast cash
• Selection of burglary as the “crime of
choice”
Burglary is familiar, the “main line”
It is less risky than other offenses
The offender may not own the
necessary equipment for robbery
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Target Selection for Burglary
• Commercial burglaries
Suitability
Retail establishments preferred
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Target Selection for Burglary
• Residential burglaries
Key factors include knowledge of
occupants, tips, observation of potential
target
Other influential factors include signs of
occupancy, security devices, dogs,
access to area
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Costs of Burglary
• Most household burglaries involve
economic loss
Stolen property/money
Time lost from work
• Property crimes like burglary have a
greater effect on the decision to move
than violent crimes
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Burglary-Drug Connection
• Increased demand for crack cocaine in
the 1980s affected crime rates
Burglary rates decreased
Robbery rates increased
• Crack trade created preference for
cash-intensive crimes (robbery) over
burglary
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Burglary-Drug Connection
• Shift in crimes consistent with the view
that property offenders tend to be
generalists
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Sexualized Context of Burglar
• Some burglaries have associated sexual
dynamics
key types include fetishists and
voyeurists
• Some sexually motivated homicides
begin as burglaries
• Can be explained from the perspective
of opportunity theory
• Home-intrusion rape
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Professional Burglar
http://abcnews.go.com/2020/video/confessio
ns-burglar-19106837
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Larceny-Theft
• UCR definition
the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding
away of property from the possession, or
constructive possession, of another
• Most frequently occurring property
offense.
This includes stolen motor vehicles, followed
by shoplifting and thefts from a building
FBI estimated that 6.2 million larceny thefts
occurred in 2012 for an estimated 68.5%
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Larceny-Theft
• Does not involve force or other means
of illegal entry
• Generally less frightening than burglary
• A crime of opportunity
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Shoplifting and Employee Theft
• Some retail theft is shoplifting, some
committed by store employees
Most are short-term workers
Internal theft more serious than loss
due to shoplifting
• Technology is one of the best ways to
address both types of theft
• Crosses class lines, not committed
primarily be women
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Who Shoplifts?
Caroline Giuliani
• Juveniles overrepresented as shoplifters
More common in lower-income youths
• Majority of juveniles admit to shoplifting at some
point in their lifetime
• Maturing out pattern?
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Flash Mobs and Larceny
• Flash mobs
Purposeful crowds brought together at a
moment's notice through use of social
media web sites
• Some involve organized criminal
activity
• Larcenies committed by flash mobs are
considered multiple-offender crimes
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Identity Theft
• The misuse of another's personal
information to commit fraud
• Main types
Existing account fraud
• thieves obtain information on open
accounts
New account fraud
• thieves use personal information to open
new accounts in the victim's name
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Identity Theft
• Costs of identity theft
Direct losses to victims
Indirect costs to businesses for fraud
prevention and harm mitigation
Indirect costs to victims – civil litigation,
obstacles in obtaining or retaining credit
Consumers' fears of victimization can
also harm the digital economy
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Identity Theft
• 1998 Identity Theft and Assumption
Deterrence Act made identity theft a
federal crime
• 2004 Identity Theft Penalty
Enhancement Act
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Incidence of Identity Theft
• BJS definition of identity theft
Unauthorized use/attempted use of
existing credit cards
Unauthorized use/attempted use of
other existing accounts
Misuse of personal information to obtain
new accounts or loans, or to commit
other crimes
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Identity Thieves: Who They Are
• Hard to classify identity thieves
• Often have no prior criminal
background, sometimes have
preexisting relationship with victim
• Increased involvement of foreign
organized criminal groups in computeror Internet-related schemes
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Motor Vehicle Theft
• UCR definition
The theft or attempted theft of a motor
vehicle
• Automobiles are the most commonlystolen type of vehicle
• Car theft violates victim beyond
financial loss
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Motor Vehicle Theft
• Largest percentage of vehicles stolen
from parking lot or garage
• Most motor vehicle thefts reported to
police
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Theft of Car Parts
• Motivations
Car parts may be worth a lot
Can be sold easily
Harder to identify than entire cars
• 1984 Motor Vehicle Theft Law
Enforcement Act called for marking of
cars' major sheet metal parts with VINs
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Joyriders
• Car theft for fun
Opportunistic car theft committed for
fun or thrills, usually by groups of teens
• Expressive act with little or no extrinsic
value
• Most vehicles stolen by joyriders are
recovered, usually found abandoned,
often after having been crashed
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Professional Car Theft
• Less common as thefts for other uses
• Professional auto thieves work in
groups characterized by planning and
calculation in target selection
• Professional thefts have lowest recover
rates
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Arson
• UCR definition
The willful or malicious burning or
attempt to burn, with or without intent
to defraud, of a dwelling house, public
building, motor vehicle or aircraft,
personal property of another, etc.
• Majority of arrestees white males
• Motives vary from profit to thrill
seeking
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Fire Setters
• Majority of those involved in arson are
juveniles
• General groups of juvenile fire setters
Children under 7
• start fires accidentally or out of curiosity
Children between 8-12
• fire setting represents underlying
psychosocial conflict
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Fire Setters
• General groups of juvenile fire setters
Children between 13-18
• have history of fire setting, usually
undetected
http://www.pahomepage.com/story/d/st
ory/shickshinny-firefighter-arrested-forarson/34800/0ZKfRfPT_EW9FlldSPhv7w
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Persistent and Professional
Thieves
• Professional criminal
a criminal offender who makes a living
from criminal pursuits, is recognized by
other offenders as a professional, and
engages in offending that is planned
and calculated
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Persistent and Professional
Thieves
• Persistent thief
one who continues in common law
property crimes despite no better than
an ordinary level of success
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Persistent and Professional
Thieves
• Offense specialization
a preference for engaging in a certain
type of offense to the exclusion of
others
• Cafeteria-style offending
the heterogeneous and unplanned
nature of offending among gang
members
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Persistent and Professional
Thieves
• Occasional offender
a criminal offender whose offending
patterns are guided primarily by
opportunity
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Criminal Careers of Property
Offenders
• Criminal career
Criminal behavior that is an integrated,
dynamic structure of sequential unlawful
acts that advances within a wider
context of causal and correlative
influences…
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Criminal Careers of Property
Offenders
• Phases of criminal career in property crime
Break-in period – early years of an offender’s
career 10-12 years old
Stable period – highest commitment. Most
identifies with the criminal lifestyle. Period where
rehabilitative efforts are more likely to fail.
Burnout phase – 40 years of age, where the
criminal begin to drop out of the lifestyle.
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Property Offenders and Rational
Choice
• Rationality
activities identified by their impersonal,
methodological, efficient, and logical
components (rational choice)
• Burglars employ a “limited, temporal
rationality”
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Receivers of Stolen Property
• Basic elements
Buying and receiving
Stolen property
Knowing it to be stolen
• Fence is least common method of
disposing of stolen goods for most
thieves
most common method used by
professional burglars
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Role of Criminal Receivers
• Professional receiver
Purchase stolen goods on regular basis
for resale
May be generalist or specialist
• Avocational receiver
buys stolen property part-time,
secondary to but associated with
primary business activity
continued on next slide
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Role of Criminal Receivers
• Amateur receiver
otherwise honest people who buy stolen
property on relatively small scale
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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