Transcript Document

Criminology Today
AN INTEGRATIVE INTRODUCTION
SEVENTH EDITION
CHAPTER
15
Globalization and
Terrorism
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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Comparative Criminology
• Comparative criminology
 the cross-national study of crime
• Globalization
 process of social homogenization by
which the experiences of everyday life,
marked by the diffusion of commodities
and ideas, can foster a standardization
of cultural expressions around the world
continued on next slide
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Comparative Criminology
• Globalization of knowledge
 The increase in understanding resulting
from a sharing of information among
cultures
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Ethnocentrism
• Ethnocentrism
 The phenomenon of “culturecenteredness” by which one uses one’s
own culture as a benchmark against
which to judge all other patterns of
behavior
 Ethnocentrism can interfere with
comparative criminology
continued on next slide
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Ethnocentrism
• In some societies, even the study of
crime is taboo
• Crime rates of different countries are
hard to compare because
 Differences in definitions of crimes
 Diverse crime-reporting practices
 Political, social, economic, and other
influences on the reporting of statistics
to international agencies
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Transnational Crimes
• Transnational crime has emerged as
one of the most pressing challenges of
the early 21st century
• Transnational crime ranges from simple
fraudulent email and phishing schemes
perpetrated globally to illegal trafficking
in people, human organs, and illicit
drugs
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Human Smuggling and Trafficking
• Human smuggling
 illegal immigration in which an agent is
involved for payment to help a person
cross a border clandestinely
• Trafficking in persons (TIP)
 the exploitation of unwilling or unwitting
people through force, coercion, threat,
or deception
continued on next slide
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Human Smuggling and Trafficking
• Trafficking often includes an element of
smuggling and trafficking victims may
believe they are being smuggled, not
trafficked
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Human Trafficking
• TIP is often an international crime
involving crossing borders
• Victims can be trafficked within their
own country and community
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Federal Immigration and
Trafficking Legislation
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
1924 Immigration Act
1952 Immigration and Nationality Act
2000 Trafficking Victims Protection Act
2003 Trafficking Victims Protection
Reauthorization Act
• 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act
•
•
•
•
•
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Terrorism
• Terrorism
 premeditated, politically motivated
violence perpetrated against
noncombatant targets by subnational
groups or clandestine agents, usually
intended to influence an audience
continued on next slide
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Terrorism
• Terrorist acts are criminal
 the main distinction between terrorism
and criminal act has to do with the
offender’s political motivation or social
ideology
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Table 15-4
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Characteristics of Terrorism
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Types of Terrorists
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nationalist terrorists
Religious terrorists
State-sponsored terrorists
Left-wing terrorists
Right-wing terrorists
Anarchist terrorists
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Domestic Terrorism
• Domestic terrorism
 unlawful force or violence by a group or
an individual who is based and operates
entirely within the U.S. and its
territories without foreign direction and
whose acts are directed at elements of
the U.S. government or population
continued on next slide
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Domestic Terrorism
• 1995 terrorist bombing of the Alfred P.
Murrah Federal Building (Oklahoma
City)
• Sovereign citizen movement
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International Terrorism
• International terrorism
 unlawful force or violence by an
individual or group that has a
connection to a foreign power or whose
activities transcend national boundaries
against persons or property to
intimidate or coerce a government, the
civilian population, or any segment
thereof, to further political or social
objectives
continued on next slide
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International Terrorism
• Most terrorist attacks in 2010 were
committed by terrorist organizations
using conventional methods
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Cyberterrorism
• Cyberterrorism
 a form of terrorism that makes use of
high technology, especially computers
and the Internet, for planning and
carrying out terrorist attacks
• Unlike most common forms of
terrorism, which target people and
things, cyberterrorism targets the
virtual world
continued on next slide
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Cyberterrorism
• President’s Commission on Critical
Infrastructure Protection
• National Infrastructure Protection
Center
• Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office
 Functions transferred to the National
Cyber Security Division of the DHS in
2003
• GovNet
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Terrorism and Technology
• The technological sophistication of
state-sponsored terrorist organizations
is increasing
 Some terrorist organizations are seeking
to obtain WMDs
continued on next slide
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Terrorism and Technology
• Bioterrorism
 the intentional or threatened use of
viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from
living organisms to produce death or
disease in humans, animals, or plants
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The War on Terrorism
• The most infamous incident of national
terrorism in the United States of
America took place on September 11th,
2001.
continued on next slide
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The War on Terrorism
• Three important legislative initiatives
resulted during the first years of the
G.W. Bush presidency:
 The USA PATRIOT Act (2001)
 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002)
 Homeland Security Act (2002)
• The National Strategy for Combating
Terrorism sets out key goals
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The USA PATRIOT Act
• Designed to fight terrorism but also
includes provisions that apply to other
types of crime
• Led to questions whether the
government unfairly expands police
powers at the expense of individual
rights and civil liberties
continued on next slide
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The USA PATRIOT Act
• The ACLU has pledged to work with the
President and law enforcement to
ensure civil liberties are not eroded
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The Department of Homeland
Security
• Established by the Homeland Security
Act of 2002
• Charged with protecting the nation’s
critical infrastructure against terrorist
attack
• Director is a member of the Cabinet
• Coordinates activities of 22 domestic
agencies
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Terrorism Commissions and
Reports
• Gilmore Commission
• Hart-Rudman Commission and followup report
• Bremmer Commission
• 9/11 Commission
continued on next slide
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Terrorism Commissions and
Reports
• Commission on the Prevention of WMD
Proliferation and Terrorism
• Bipartisan Policy Center’s National
Security Preparedness Group on
evolving nature of terrorism
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Countering the Terrorist Threat
• White House National Strategy for
Combating Terrorism
 Multipronged initiative aimed at
reducing both the threat severity and
international reach of international
terrorist organizations
• Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act of 2004
continued on next slide
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Countering the Terrorist Threat
• Obama’s National Strategy for
Counterterrorism
 Focus on deterring Islamic-inspired
terrorism
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Foreign Terrorist Organizations
• Foreign terrorist organization (FTO)
 a foreign organization that engages in
terrorist activity that threatens the
security of U.S. nationals or the national
security of the U.S. and that is so
designated by the U.S. Secretary of
State
continued on next slide
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Foreign Terrorist Organizations
• Any organization considered for FTO
designation must:
 Be foreign and engage in terrorist
activity
 Threaten the security of U.S. nationals
or the national security of the U.S.
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Consequences of FTO Designation
• It is unlawful for a person in the U.S. or
subject to U.S. jurisdiction to provide
funds or material support to an FTO
• Representatives, members of FTO who
are aliens may be denied visas or kept
from entering the U.S.
continued on next slide
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Consequences of FTO Designation
• U.S. financial institutions must block
funds of FTOs and their agents and
report the blockage to the U.S.
Treasury Department
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Foreign Terrorist Organizations
• State Dept. may designate foreign
governments as state sponsors of
international terrorism
• Terrorist Exclusion List
 Aliens living in the U.S. who provide
material assistance to groups on the list
can be deported
 Anyone assisting groups on the list can
be refused entry into the U.S.
continued on next slide
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Foreign Terrorist Organizations
• Terrorist Identities Datamart
Environment
 central repository of information on
international terrorist identities
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The Future of Terrorism
• Trends in modern terrorism
 Trend toward loosely organized, selffinanced, international terrorist
networks
 Trend toward terrorism that is
religiously or ideologically motivated
 Recent growth of cross-national links
among different terrorist organizations
continued on next slide
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The Future of Terrorism
• The proliferation of WMDs is a key
concern in the issue of international
terrorism
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