Transcript CRJ270 - Chapter 6

Introduction to Criminology
CRJ 270
Instructor: Jorge Pierrott
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today
AN INTEGRATIVE INTRODUCTION
SEVENTH EDITION
CHAPTER
6
Psychological and
Psychiatric
Foundations of
Criminal Behavior
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter, students should be able to
answer the following questions:
• What are the major principles of psychological
perspectives of criminal behavior?
• What two major ideas characterized early
psychological theories, and what was the difference
between them?
• How does personality explain criminality?
• What is psychopathology, and how does it explain
crime? How does it relate to antisocial personality
disorder?
• What are cognitive theories, and what two types of
cognitive theories does this chapter discuss?
Chapter Objectives
• What insights into criminal behavior does the
psychoanalytic perspective offer?
• What role does frustration play in influencing
aggression, according to psychological theories?
• How can criminality be seen as a form of adaptive
behavior?
• What are criminogenic needs?
• How does attachment theory explain behavior, and
what are the three forms of attachment?
• How does behavior theory explain the role of
rewards and punishments in shaping behavior?
Chapter Objectives
• How does social cognition explain how aggressive
patterns of behavior, once acquired, can be
activated?
• What are the treatment implications of
psychological understandings of criminality?
• What are some assumptions underlying the practice
of criminal psychological profiling?
• How does the legal concept of insanity differ from
behavioral definitions of the same concept?
Jared Lee Loughner
What happened after?
• May 25, 2011 – Loughner was found
incompetent to stand trial on the basis of
two medication evaluations.
• August 7, 2012 – After being forcibly
medicated with antipsychotic drugs, new
medical evaluations were performed, which
found him competent to stand trial.
• He pled guilty to killing six people and
injuring 13 others.
• Received seven life sentences without the
possibility of parole.
Principles of Psychological and
Psychiatric Theories
• Forensic psychology
 The application of the science and
profession of psychology to questions and
issues relating to law and the legal system
(also called criminal psychology
 Terms used:
•
•
•
•
Exploitative personality characteristics
Poor impulse control
Emotional arousal
Immature personality
continued on next slide
Principles of Psychological and
Psychiatric Theories
• Forensic psychiatry
 A medical subspecialty applying
psychiatry to the needs of crime
prevention and solution, criminal
rehabilitation, and issues of the criminal
law
continued on next slide
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Principles of Psychological and
Psychiatric Theories
• The individual is the primary unit of
analysis
• Personality is the major motivational
element
• Crimes result from abnormal,
dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental
processes within the personality
continued on next slide
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Principles of Psychological and
Psychiatric Theories
• Criminal behavior may be purposeful
insofar as it addresses certain felt
needs
• Normality is generally defined by social
consensus
• Defective, or abnormal, mental
processes may have a variety of causes
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Frank Schmalleger
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History of Psychological Theories
• Key ideas characterizing early
psychological theories:
 Personality – built on growing area of
cognitive science
 Behaviorism/behavioral conditioning –
examined social learning with an emphasis
on behavioral conditioning
• Psychoanalytic theory – together these
areas formed the early foundation of
psychological criminology
Personality Disturbances
• Psychopathology
 Any psychological disorder that causes
distress for an individual or for those in
the individual's life
• Depression, schizophrenia, ADHD,
alcoholism, and bulimia are examples.
• Psychopathy
 A specific and distinctive type of
psychopathology
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The Psychopath
• Personality disorder characterized by
antisocial behavior and lack of sympathy,
empathy, embarrassment
• Hervey M. Cleckley – developed the
concept of a psychopathic personality
• Poverty of affect – inability to accurately
imagine how others think and feel
Types of Psychopaths
• Primary psychopaths
 Born with psychopathic personalities
 Characteristics: bedwetting, cruelty to
animals, fire-setting, lying, fighting,
and stealing
• Secondary psychopaths
 Born with a “normal” personality but
develop psychopathic tendencies due to
personal experiences
continued on next slide
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Types of Psychopaths
• Charismatic psychopaths
 Charming, attractive,
habitual liars.
• The Talented Mr. Ripley
• Distempered psychopaths
 Easily offended, fly into
rages with slight
provocation
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The Psychopath
• Psychopathy Checklist (PCL)
(pg. 126)
 definitive modern measure of psychopathy
• Recent research suggests psychopaths do
know the difference between right and
wrong
• Recent study of adolescent psychopaths
found intensive treatment was linked to
reduced violent recidivism
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ngtXPP5krU
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Antisocial/asocial personality
 Individuals who are basically unsocialized and
whose behavior patterns bring them into
repeated conflicts with society
• They are grossly selfish, callous, irresponsible,
impulsive, and unable to feel guilt or to learn
from experience or punishment.
 Individuals who exhibit an antisocial
personality are said to be suffering from
antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
continued on next slide
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Causes unclear
 Somatogenic causes – A malfunctioning of the
central nervous system (abnormally low levels of
arousal) as well as brain abnormalities that may
have been present from birth
 Psychogenic causes - A lack of love or the
sensed inability to depend unconditionally on a
central loving figure (usually the mother)
 Most research is done on males, but females
have also shown similar characteristics.
• Sexual misconduct
• Antisocial behavior
Trait Theory
• Eysenck explained crime as result of
fundamental personality traits (supertraits)
 Introversion/extraversion
 Neuroticism/emotional stability
 Psychoticism
• Personality stable throughout life, largely
determined by genetics
• Psychoticism closely correlated with criminality.




Lack of empathy
Creativeness
Tough-mindedness
Anti-sociability
Figure 6-2 Selected Characteristics of the Psychopathic Personality
Source: Schmalleger, Frank J., Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson
Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Cognitive Theories
• Learning theories – examine thought
processes and try to explain how people
 Learn to solve problems
• Value, morality
 Perceive and interpret the social
environment
• Multiple branches
 Moral, intellectual development, how
people process information
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Moral Development Theory
• Jean Piaget – human thinking goes through stages
of development
 Sensory-motor stage (birth–age 2)
 Preoperational stage (ages 2-7)
 Concrete operational stage (ages 7-11)
 Formal operational stage (ages 11-16)
• Child moves from moral absolutism to moral
relativism
continued on next slide
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Moral Development Theory
• Lawrence Kohlberg said preference for
higher levels of moral thinking universal
in humans
• Research shows offenders have less
ability in making moral judgments
 Graph page 130
continued on next slide
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Figure 6-4
Kohlberg’s Six Stages of Moral Development
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Cognitive Information-Processing
Theory
• Study of human perceptions,
information processing, decision
making
• Violent individuals may be using
information incorrectly when making
decisions
continued on next slide
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Cognitive Information-Processing
Theory
• Script theory – generalized knowledge
about specific types of situations stored
in the mind
 Career offenders develop scripts to
guide them through criminal activity
 Criminal scripts help form criminal
identity
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The Criminal Mind-Set
• Stanton Samenow and Samuel Yochelson
 Criminals make different assumptions
about living and behaving than noncriminals
 Criminal personality develops early in
childhood, includes ways of thinking
characteristic of many types of criminals
but not shared by non-criminals
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The Psychoanalytic Perspective –
Criminal Behavior as Maladaptation
• Psychiatric criminology envisions a
complex set of drives and motives that
operate from within the personality to
determine behavior
• Sigmund Freud – psychoanalysis
• Criminal behavior is maladaptive, the
product of inadequacies in the
offender's personality
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
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Figure 6-5 The Psychoanalytic Structure of Personality
Source: Schmalleger, Frank J., Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson
Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Criminology Today, 7th Edition
Frank Schmalleger
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The Psychoanalytic Perspective
• Violent criminal behavior dominated by
the id, leaving offenders unable to
control impulsive and pleasure-seeking
drives
• Repressed needs provide another path
to criminality
• Many criminals have a secret need to
be punished
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The Psychotic Offender
• Psychosis
 mental illness characterized by a lack of
contact with reality
• Characteristics of psychotic individuals
 A grossly distorted conception of reality
 Inappropriate moods and mood swings
 Marked inefficiency in getting along with
others and caring for oneself
continued on next slide
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The Psychotic Offender
• Psychiatrists recognize at least 9 different
types of psychotic disorders, including:
 Schizophrenia, which is characterized by
disordered or disjointed thinking
• Schizophrenics and paranoid
schizophrenics
 Paranoid schizophrenics suffer from
delusions and hallucinations
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Frustration-Aggression Theory
• Freud
 Aggression is a natural response to
frustration and limitations
continued on next slide
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Frustration-Aggression Theory
• Frustration-aggression theory
 Direct aggression toward others is the
most likely consequence of frustration
 Aggression can be manifested in socially
acceptable ways or engaged in
vicariously by watching others act
aggressively (displacement)
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Crime as Adaptation
• Crime as an adaptation to life's stresses
 Alloplastic adaptation
• Crime reduces stresses by producing
changes in the environment
 Autoplastic adaptation
• Crime leads to stress reduction as a
result of internal changes in beliefs and
value systems
• Stress as a causative agent in crime
commission
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Criminogenic Needs
• Donald Andrews and James Bonta
• Criminogenic Needs
 Dynamic attributes of offenders and
their circumstances associated with
rates of recidivism
• May not be actual needs but rather
psychological symptoms of maladaptive
functioning
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Attachment Theory
• Healthy personality development
requires that children have a close,
continuous relationship with their
mothers
continued on next slide
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Attachment Theory
• Forms of attachment:
 Secure attachment (a healthy form)
 Anxious-avoidant attachment
 Anxious-resistant attachment
• Difficulties in childhood appear to
produce criminality later in life
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Behavior Theory
• Ivan Pavlov
 behavior can be conditioned or shaped
• Classical conditioning
 behavior can be predictably changed by
association with external changes in the
surrounding environment
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Behavioral Conditioning
• Operant behavior – behavior choices
operate on the surrounding
environment to produce consequences
 Rewards increase the frequency of
behavior
 Punishments decrease frequency of
behavior
continued on next slide
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Behavioral Conditioning
• Major determinants of behavior exist in
the environment, not in the individual




Positive rewards
Negative rewards
Positive punishments
Negative punishments
• People can be conditioned to respond
with prosocial or antisocial behavior
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Social Cognition and the Role of
Modeling
• Gabriel Tarde's three laws of imitation:
 People in close contact tend to imitate
each other's behavior
 Imitation moves from the top down
 New acts and behaviors either reinforce or
replace old ones
Social Cognition Theory
• Albert Bandura, Stanford University
Professor and president of the
American Psychological Society
 Everyone is capable of aggression but
must learn how to behave aggressively
 Key ideas: observation, imitation,
modeling
continued on next slide
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Social Cognition Theory
• Most behavior learned by observing and
modeling
• Aggression can be provoked through
assaults, verbal threats, thwarting
hopes, obstructing goals
• Disengagement allows people who
devalue aggression to engage in it
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Policy and Treatment Implications
• Correctional psychology
 Concerned with diagnosis and
classification, treatment, rehabilitation
of offenders
• Some of the most successful
treatments emphasize changing
offender personality characteristics,
such as impulsivity
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Cognitive Behavioral Intervention
• Offenders need to acquire better social
skills to become more prosocial
• Lets offenders modify their cognitive
processes to control themselves,
interact positively with others
• Target offender's environment,
behavioral responses skill development
• Increase reasoning skills, problemsolving skills, expand empathy
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Assessing Dangerousness
• Selective incapacitation
 Based on the notion of career criminality
 Protect society by incarcerating most
dangerous individuals
 Use of psychological techniques to
identify future offenders and those likely
to reoffend
continued on next slide
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Assessing Dangerousness
• Strategy depends on accurately
identifying potentially dangerous
offenders
• Risk assessment/classification tools
continually being developed, improved
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Predicting Criminality
• Recent study found strong relationship
between childhood behavioral
difficulties and later problem behavior
• Prediction requires more than
generalities – difference between
predicting percentage of people in a
population who will be criminals and
predicting which individuals will violate
the law
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubG37Jz1ojs
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Critique of Psychological and
Psychiatric Theories of Crime
• Theories criticized for failing to consider
social or environmental conditions that
produce crime
• Idea of moral reasoning sense puts loss
of control within individual –
physical/social barriers to crime may be
more effective
• Individual theories have also been
criticized on various levels
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Criminal Psychological Profiling
• Psychological profiling
 Based on idea that behavioral clues left
at crime scene may reflect offender's
personality
 Assist police investigators
continued on next slide
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Criminal Psychological Profiling
• Profiling techniques used in hostage
negotiation, contributed to
criminological literature
• Some psychologists discount value of
profiling
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Insanity and the Law
• Insanity
 Legal concept, refers to type of defense
allowed in criminal courts
• M'Naughten Rule
 Individuals cannot be held criminally
responsible if they did not know what
they were doing or did not know that
what they were doing was wrong
continued on next slide
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Insanity and the Law
• M'Naughten Rule
 1843, Daniel M’Naughten was accused of killing
Edward Drummond, the secretary of British Prime
Minister Sir Robert Peel. He intended to kill Sir
Peel.
 Delusions which led to the crime.
 The court accepted the claims, establishing the
insanity defense.
 Individuals cannot be held criminally responsible
if they did not know what they were doing or did
not know that what they were doing was wrong
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Insanity and the Law
• Irresistible-Impulse Test
 Defendant is not guilty if by virtue of
his/her mental state s/he was unable to
resist committing the action
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Guilty But Mentally Ill
• Individual can be held responsible for a
criminal act, even though a degree of
mental incompetence is present
• Requirements for verdict
 All required statutory elements proven
 Defendant found mentally ill at time of
the crime
 Defendant not found legally insane at
time of the crime
continued on next slide
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Guilty But Mentally Ill
• GBI offenders sent to psychiatric
hospital for treatment – transferred to
prison after “cured”
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Problems with the Insanity
Defense
• Must be brought before court, proven
by defense
• Rarely used - less than 1% of
defendants adopt insanity defense,
75% still convicted
continued on next slide
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Problems with the Insanity
Defense
• Defendant found NGRI likely to spend a
long time in court-ordered institutional
psychiatric treatment
• Critics question whether idea of mental
illness or insanity useful in study of
criminology
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