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Regional Organizations
Prof. Philip Yang
National Taiwan University
2015/4/9
1
Regionalism
Regionalism is seen as “a process-oriented
concept that encompasses different
phenomena happening at the various stages of
its formation. These include regionalization
which is often market-driven, follow by
emergence of regional consciousness, and then
deliberate regional inter-state cooperation
leading to regional integration. Regionalism is
therefore not only a geographical concept but a
dynamic process encompassing a
concentration of economic, political and sociocultural linkages.”
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Regionalism vs. Globalism
Regionalism often put forward as an
alternative to globalism
Globalism: a tendency towards a global
social system, programmatic
globalization, the vision of a borderless
world, the end of geography
Regionalism: the world is large and
heterogeneous; therefore a regional
approach more productive, common
culture and problems
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Regionalism or Regionalization
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Regionalism is created "from above“:
often created by regional governments
through the establishment of regional
IGOs.
Regionalization is a “bottom-up”
process, a more spontaneous process
from within the regions led by economic
investments and societal exchanges.
4
Open Regionalism
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Open regionalism basically refers to
nondiscriminatory or nonexclusive
regional trading liberalization. The
concept represents an effort to
achieve the best of both worlds: the
benefits of regional liberalization
without jeopardizing the continued
vitality of the multilateral system.
5
Major Regional IGOs
Europe:
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European Union (EU)
Council of Europe
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)
European Space Agency (ESA)
European Free Trade Association
(EFTA)
6
America
Organization of American States (OAS)
North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
Mercosur (Southern Common Market)
Andean Community
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
(OECS)
Central American Parliament
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Africa
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African Union (Organization for
African Unity)
Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS)
Southern African Development
Community (SADC)
Conseil de l'Entente
8
Asia
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Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC)
Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN, ARF, ASEAN+3)
South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC)
Gulf Cooperation Council
Pacific Islands Forum
9
Eurasian
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Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS)
Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO)
Eurasian Economic Community
Black Sea Economic Cooperation
(BSEC)
10
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Dark Side of Regionalism
Inward-oriented
Protectionism
Blocking stone of globalism
Opposite of global market order
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Functionalism
Based on the work of David Mitrany
Habits of collaboration in functional
areas eventually spill over into the
political sphere.
The result is greater cooperation
amongst states and the breaking
down of political barriers.
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Against Functionalism
Regional integration is understood as a
linear process, making explanation of
setbacks impossible.
States still vigorously guard their
political independence.
Although functionalism is supposed to
be non-normative, there is a lack of
empirical data to support it.
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Neorealism and Neoliberalism
Neorealism essentially identifies a global
logic of anarchy and emphasizes relative
gains, making regional cooperation
difficult.
Neoliberalism does not deny this logic of
anarchy, but emphasizes absolute gains,
making cooperation possible.
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A Reactionary Regionalism?
Regional initiatives are often
designed to mediate and moderate
external influences, so regionalism
can be seen as a reaction to global
problems.
For example “Asian values” can be
seen as a reaction to Western
modernity, and “fortress Europe” a
reaction to the mass flows of
people caused by globalisation.
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Discussion Question
Do we need regionalism in East
Asia? What are the
opportunities and dangers of
the developing regionalism
between East Asian countries?
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