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FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH Sixth Edition CHAPTER 6 Review of the Literature Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives 1. Determine The Purposes For The Literature Review 2. Recognize The Need For Becoming Familiar With The Library's Services 3. Distinguish Between Primary And Secondary Sources In Research Literature 4. Recognize The Importance Of Grey Literature Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives 5. Discuss Print Resources That May Be Used In Locating Literature References 6. Discuss Electronic Sources That May Be Used In Locating Literature References 7. Compare Electronic Sources That Are Useful For Nurses When Conducting A Literature Re-view 8. Obtain References From Online Journals Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives 9. Conduct A Literature Search On A Given Topic 10. Extract Pertinent Information From Literature Sources 11. Critique The Literature Review Section Of Research Articles Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective One Determine The Purposes For The Literature Review Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Literature Review • Find out what is in print • Help to refine study topic • Narrow study topic Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Recommendations for Research • Research topics • Replication ideas • Another aspect of the problem Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Frameworks of Research • Find theoretical or conceptual frameworks • See how frameworks are used • Help guide study as research unfolds Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Helpful Aspects • • • • • Helps plan study methodology Locates study instruments Suggests ways to analyze data Capitalizes on past successes Prevents errors of other researchers Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective Two Recognize The Need For Becoming Familiar With The Library's Services Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Library and Its Staff • • • • Wealth of information Familiar with resources Help in search techniques Policies and interlibrary loans Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Clinician-Librarian Collaboration • Helps with evidence-based searches • Find high level of evidence – Controlled trials – Systematic reviews • Find practice guidelines Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective Three Distinguish Between Primary And Secondary Sources In Research Literature Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Primary Sources • Written by original investigator or researcher • Journal articles • Preferred source • Start by reading abstract or summary • Reference citations Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Secondary Sources • • • • Not written by original study researcher Summaries Risk of misinterpretation or omission Use in conjunction with primary sources Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective Four Recognize The Importance Of Grey Literature Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Grey (Also Called Gray) Literature • Not commercially published • Not indexed or available in major databases • Examples – Conference proceedings – Dissertations – Theses – Technical reports – Unpublished research reports Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Publication Bias • No significant findings • Should not be omitted Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective Five Discuss Print Resources That May Be Used In Locating Literature References Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Print Sources • Indexes – Reference materials on periodicals and books – Assistance in obtaining publications • Abstracts – Brief summaries of articles – Purpose, methods, and major findings – Helpful to see if entire study needs to be read Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Indexes • CINAHL – Nursing journals from 1961 to 1977 – Nursing and allied health literature 1977 to present – Available online • Index Medicus – Nursing and allied health from 1870 – 2004: print version discontinued – Available online: MEDLINE Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Abstracts • Nursing Research Abstracts – 1960 to 1978 – Bimonthly issues of Nursing Research – November/December issue: author/subject guide for year’s published abstracts Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Abstracts • Psychological Abstracts – First published in 1927 – 1,300 professional journals – Psychology and related fields – CD-ROM version updated quarterly • Dissertation Abstracts International – Doctoral dissertations – Published since 1938 – Abstracts written by dissertation authors Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Abstracts • Master Abstracts International (MAI) – Author written – Submitted voluntarily – Small percentage in print Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective Six Discuss Electronic Sources That May Be Used In Locating Literature References Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Electronic Communication • Changes how information is retrieved, disseminated • Affects the communication process Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Electronic Sources • Online catalogs – Online library card catalog – Title, author, subject heading, keyword searches – OCLC Interlibrary Loan service – e-books Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Electronic Sources • Online databases – Access from home – Search engines – Megasearch engines – Well-developed search strategy – Time consuming, unpredictable – Advantages over print databases Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective Seven Compare Electronic Sources That Are Useful For Nurses When Conducting A Literature Review Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Online Sources for Nursing • CINAHL Online Databases – Variety of resource types – Internet platforms Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The CINAHL Database • • • • • > 2,890 journals 1981 to present > 2 million records 70 full-text journals Other resources Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. CINAHL Plus • • • • • All features of basic database > 4,300 journals 1937 to present Nearly 80 full-text journals Other resources Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. CINAHL With Full Text • > 2,980 journals • 1981 to present • > 600 full-text journals Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. CINAHL Plus With Full Text • • • • Newest database for nursing > 4,300 journals 1937 to present > 760 full-text journals Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Registry of Nursing Research • http://nursinglibrary.org/ • Sigma Theta Tau International Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. MEDLINE • • • • • http://www.pubmed.gov Life sciences, biomedicine > 5,400 journals Worldwide coverage National Library of Medicine Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. MEDLINE With Full Text • Most comprehensive source for full-text medical journals • >1,450 full-text journals • Coverage: 1949 to present • Full-text material: 1965 to present Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. MEDLINEPlus • • • • www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ Consumer health information 800 topics Easy to read Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews • www.cochrane.org/reviews/ • International network of authors and institutions • Archie Cochrane founded in 1993 • Stresses evidence-based practice • Meta-analysis source Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. ERIC • http://eric.ed.gov/ • Education information • Bibliographic and full text Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psycinfo • • • • Psychology, related disciplines > 2.8 million records Records from 1800s to present Purchase 24-hour searching – http://apa.org/pubs/databases/access/direct.a spx Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dissertation Abstracts Online • ProQuest Information and Learning • Degree-granting institutions since 1861 • Selected master’s theses, doctoral dissertations Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Online Databases • • • • • ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source AIDSinfo (http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/) Haz-Map (http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/) ClinicalTrials (http://clinicaltrials.gov) TOXNET (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/) Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective Eight Obtain References From Online Journals Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Online Journals • • • • E-journals, e-zines Immediate knowledge dissemination Not all free More print journals making articles available online Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective Nine Conduct A Literature Search On A Given Topic Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Strategic Hints for Success • • • • • Read sources first Record bibliographic information Use reference citations—APA Record references accurately Remember dates and pages Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Source Dates • Current dates • Older than 5 years • Questions to ask Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Paraphrases and Quotes • Search for paraphrases • Critically appraise the information • Review concisely and to the point Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective Ten Extract Pertinent Information From Literature Sources Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Tips for Extraction • • • • • Use a variety of resources Do not copy all articles Review articles critically Take notes for retrieval later Use reference format at the beginning Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Format Suggestion • Acquire all pertinent information • Write in reference format from beginning • Add notes to retrieval format Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Format Suggestion • Do not omit important information – Problem – Hypotheses – Methodology – Sample type – Findings – Conclusions Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective Eleven Critique The Literature Review Section Of Research Articles Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Guidelines for Critiquing • Is the literature review comprehensive? • Is the literature review concise? • Does the review flow logically from the purpose? • Are all sources relevant to the study topic? • Are sources critically appraised? • Are both classic and current sources included? Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Guidelines for Critiquing (cont’d) • Are paraphrases or direct quotes used most often? • Are both supporting and opposing theory and research presented? • Can a determination be made if sources are primary or secondary? • Are all sources that are cited in the article on the reference list? Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.