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FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH Sixth Edition CHAPTER 3 An Overview of Quantitative Research Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives 1. List The Steps In Conducting Quantitative Research 2. Discuss The Steps In Quantitative Research Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective One List The Steps In Conducting Quantitative Research Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Quantitative Research Steps • First step: identification of problem • Final step: communication and utilization of research findings • Same general progression • Number varies from author to author. • Authors combine several steps into one step. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Steps for Quantitative Research • • • • • Identify the research problem Determine the purpose of the study Formulate the research question Review the literature Develop a theoretical/conceptual framework • Identify the study assumptions • Acknowledge the limitations of the study Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Steps for Quantitative Research • • • • • • • • Formulate the hypothesis Define study variables and terms Select the research design Identify the population Select the sample Conduct a pilot study Collect the data Organize the data for analysis Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Steps for Quantitative Research • • • • Analyze the data Interpret the findings Communicate the findings Utilize the findings Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective Two Discuss The Steps In Quantitative Research Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Identify the Problem • Area where knowledge needed to advance practice • Broad → specific • State problem as a question Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Determine the Purpose of the Study • Difference between purpose and problem – Problem tells what is studied. – Purpose tells why study is done. • Studies may have one or both. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Formulate the Research Question • Specific question researcher expects to be answered • Specify variables and populations Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Review the Literature • • • • • Finds out what exists on the topic Searches a variety of sources Helps look at theory and framework Helps address the study methods Continues until time to collect data has ended Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Develop a Theoretical and Conceptual Framework • Research helps test, develop, and refine theories. • Process assists in selection of study variables. • Directs the hypothesis and interprets findings • Answers the “so what” question(s) • Adds to our nursing body of knowledge Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Identify the Study Assumptions • Beliefs held to be true but not necessarily proven • Each research study is based on assumptions. • Should be stated explicitly • Often implicit Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Types of Study Assumptions • Universal assumptions • Assumptions based on theory or research findings • Commonsense assumptions Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Acknowledge the Limitations of the Study • Limitations: uncontrolled variables – Affect study results – Limit generalization of the findings • Extraneous variables • Explain limitations at end of study Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Formulate Hypothesis or Research Question • Predicts relationships between variables – Independent – Dependent • Predicted answer to research question • Testable empirically Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Formulate Hypothesis or Research Question (cont’d) • Types of hypothesis: – Directional – Nondirectional – The null hypothesis Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Define the Study Variables and Terms • Must be clear to the researcher and reader • Conceptual definition: definition of an abstract idea • Operational definition: how variable will be observed – Allows for replication Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Select the Research Design • Plan for how study will be conducted – Type of data collected – Means used to obtain data • Varies with the type of study conducted – Quantitative versus qualitative – Experimental versus nonexperimental Experimental: investigator has more active role/control. Nonexperimental: no active manipulation of variables Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Identify the Population • Target population: group of interest • Accessible population: group available for study • Two populations must be similar. • Generalization Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Select the Sample • • • • Subgroup of the population Represents the population Helps with generalization Types of samples: – Probability samples – Nonprobability samples • Voluntary participation Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Conduct a Pilot Study • Miniature trial version of planned study • Helps examine issues – Design – Sample size – Data collection procedures – Data analysis approaches • Revisions made after pilot is completed. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Collect the Data • Pieces of collected information or facts • Determined by study hypothesis or question • Systematic data collection procedures – Who will collect the data? – When will the data be collected? – Where will the data be collected? – What data will be collected? – How will the data be collected? Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Organize the Data for Analysis • Planned from the beginning • Consult with statistician. – Data needed – Procedures for analysis Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Analyze the Data • The process is easier now. • Data are placed into computerized statistical packages. • Results are analyzed instantaneously. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Interpret the Findings • Do the data support the research hypothesis? • Is the theoretical or conceptual framework supported? Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Interpret the Findings • • • • • Problems encountered Limitations of the study Compare with other studies Implications are identified. Recommendations for future research Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Communicate the Findings • Critical component of the process • Variety of mediums – Research journals – Clinical journals – Presentations – Poster sessions Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Utilize the Findings • Researcher’s involvement in implementation – Recommendations – Consulting – Disseminating Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.