Transcript AGE 301

FARM MECHANICS
2 Units
Three hours per week
COURSE DETAILS
 COURSE COODINATOR: Engr. I.A. Ola B.Eng. M.Sc.
 Email:
[email protected]
 Office location:
Room 2, CVE building
Dr. O.U. Dairo.
 Other Lecturers:
Course content:
 Selection ,Operation, sharpening, care and uses of
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shop tools and equipment.
Wood working, Concrete and masonry, Iron working,
Blacksmithing, Welding, Cutting and brazing.
Glazing and sheet metal work.
Repair and maintenance of tractors and machinery.
Building of equipment of equipment adaptable to
form shop construction.
Fabrication, maintenance, repair of farm field
processing machines.
COURSE REQUIREMENT
 A compulsory course for all student in the Department
of Agriculture Engineering . Students are expected to
participate in all the course activities and have
minimum of 75% attendance to be able to write the
final examination.
READING LIST
Liljedahl J. B. , Carleton W. M. Turnquist P. K. and
smith D. W. Tractors and their power . Third Edition
John Wiley and Sons.
2. Khurmi R. S. and Gupta I. K. A text book of workshop
technology (manufacturing processes). Publication
Division of NIRJA Construction and Development
Co (D) LTD. Ramnagar New Delhi- 110055
3. Kepner R. A. Principles of Farm Machinery CBS
Publisher and Distributor .
1.
SELECTION OF TOOLS
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING SHOP TOOLS
To select tools (hand tools or powered tools) the
following points must be considered:
 Job or the task to be performed
 Tools and machine required
 Strength of materials
 Size of job
 Shape and specification (tolerance)
 Capacity of machine and tools
 Quality (Surface finishing and ecstatic value)
OPERATION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
 HAMMER
1). HARD SURFACE HAMMER
i) Cross and straight hammer : To beat
sheet metals into shapes.
ii) Claw hammer: to remove or drive in nails
into objects.
iii) Small ball peen hammer used for light
jobs: for shaping thinner section of
sheets metals.
iv) Sledge hammer : For heavy duty job
requiring more striking force.
v) Mallet soft surface hammer: for striking
objects with delicates surface or parts
must not be destroyed.
The appropriate size and type must be used for
the right job. Since:
F = ma ……………………………………(1)
where
F = the striking force applied to the hammer edge
via the handle
HANDLE
SURFACE
MADE OF
RUBBER
F = mg
Fig. 1.1 Mallet
SPANNER
Spanners are used to tighten or loosening of bolts and nuts are made of cast
steels (vanadium or chromium steels). Are in different categories and make.
•Box spanners
•Rings
•Suckets
•Wrenches
T= F r
BENCH VICE
A bench vice is secured on the work bench to grip
work piece while it is worked on.
•Center punch: to mark out center point on metals where holes will be
drilled. Types ; Prick punch
Center punch
Hollow punch
Care; keep in appropriate storage place after use , blunt edge must
be sharpened using the grinder avoid throwing tool on the floor of the
workshop etc.
•Chisel: for cutting sheet metals up to 3mm in thickness. Thicker section
requires the use of guillotine machine. Cutting edge is sharpened with the
use of hand grinder. Types; Round nose
Cape
Diamond
Flat
Side
PLIERS
To grip objects and in various types such as:
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Combination slip joint
Side cutting pliers (cable cutting)
Round nose pliers
Curve needle nose pliers (to pick pins)
Gripping pliers ( for holding objects together during
welding operation etc)
FILES
Files used for removing small amount of material from
metals and are in various categories (shapes or grades
of the cutting edge) in terms of shape we have:
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Round file
Semicircle
Square
Rectangle (flat)
Warding
Pillar
Needle
Grades of files (single or Double-cut)
 Rough
 Bastard
 Second cut
 Smooth
 Dead smooth
SAWS :
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Hack saw ; for cutting of metals
Power hack saw: for cutting thicker sections of metal.
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Plane saw : for cutting of woods
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DRILL BITS
 Made of high carbon steels for drilling holes in object
can be straight shank or tapered shank drills.
 Dull cutting edge can be sharpened using the grinder.
 Function of drift and drilling sleeve for tapered drill
bits.
 Use of coolant in drilling operation
shank
Cutting edge
Tapered shank drill
Other tools and power tools
 Tap and die
 Counter sunk
 Reamers
 Scrapers
 Snips
 anvil
 Grinder
 Hand drill
 Lathe tools;(turning tools, chamfering tools, boring tools
,parting tools, facing tools and thread cutting tools
Equipment
 Lathe
 Drilling machine
 Milling machine
 Shaping machine
 Arc welder
 Gas welding apparatus
Wood working, Concrete and masonry, Iron working,
Blacksmithing, Welding, Cutting and brazing.
Wood working
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Soft
Hardwood
Economic value of timber
(i) Cheap
(ii) Availability
(iii) Easy to work on
(iv) Light to transport
(v) High salvage value
(vi) Non conductor of heat and electicity
 Wood classification:
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Exogenous trees
Endogenous trees
 Seasoning of Timber
This is the process of drying timber or removing
moisture or sap present in freshly felled trees under
controlled conditions.
(i) Artificial seasoning or kiln seasoning
(ii) Natural seasoning or air seasoning
 Defects of Timber
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Defects occurring during growth of a tree.
Defects occurring after felling of a tree.
 Preservation of Timber;
Chemical preservatives are used
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Tar oils
Water soluble chemical salts
Organic solvent chemicals
 Method of application of preservatives;
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Brush and spraying method
Dipping or soaking method for 7days(steeping process) to
attain chemical penetration of 3mm to 6mm.
Pressure treatment( preservatives is injected to the timber by
pressure in a airtight steel containers called autoclave
 Adhesives used in Carpentry
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Animal glue
Resin glue
 Resin glue
 Vegetable glue
 Casein glue
 Blood albumen glue
 Gum arabic
 Contact cement
 Additional materials used in carpentry and joinery
 Nails
 Screws
 Bolt and nuts
 Dowels
 Carpentry tools
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Marking out and measuring tools:
pencils, pencil compass, trammel points, marking gauge, mortise
gauge, cutting gauge, four fold rule, steel tape, straight edge, try-square
bevel square, combination set, calipers, dividers, wing compass, spirit
level, plumb bob.
 Cutting tools
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Saw( rip, cross cut, panel ,bow, jack, tenon and dowel tail)
Chisels axe
 Plaining tools
 Boring tools
 Striking tools
 Holding tools
 Other tools
screw driver
pincers
rasp and file
scraper
glass paper
Oil stone
 Carpentry joints
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Lap joints
 T-lap joints
 Dovetail lap joint
 Corner- lap joint
 Cross-lap joint
Mitre joint
Butt joint
Mortise joint
Repair and maintenance of
tractors and machinery
 Identification of component of farm tractor
 Tractor
 Engine (Engine block) 1-3-4-2
 -fuel tank
 -fuel pump
 -fuel filters –primary and secondary once in fortnight
 -fuel pipes
 Injector pump
 Nozzles
 Fan belt
 -fan blade –sucks in air to cool the radiator
 -pulley
 Water pump (passage for water)
 Radiator and cap –temporal storage
 Hose
 Air cleaner
 -wet type
 -filament or filter
 Lubrication
 Dip stick
 Oil (SEA 40)
 Engine oil sump
 Passage for oil
 Engine oil sump pump
 Oil filter
 Starter
 Alternator
 Battery (240DC) –wet or dry cell
 Solenoid Switch
 Terminal
 Exposed terminal
 Transmission
 Wheel : steering –front wheel and rear wheels
 Gear sticks –power steering hydraulic system
 Gear trains
 Pedals
 - independent brake
 clutch
 -accelerator
 -left hand lever
 -clutch plate
 -clutch disk
 -gear train
 Final drive
 PTO shaft
 Rear wheels
 Hydraulic ram
 Top links and two lower links
 Draw bar (trailer)
 Hydraulic output
 Check chain
 Universal shaft
DAILY CARE OF TRACTOR
Check the Cooling System.
 Remove the radiator cap and check the level of the coolant
 If the level is below 5cm firm the neck of the radiator refill the radiators to
about 5cm of the radiator neck.
 Check for leaks about radiator, radiator hoses and hose clamps
 Remove trash collected on front of radiator screen
Check the crankcase oil level
 Check oil level position- don’t’ check the oil level while the tractors is
running.
 Add oil it needed: it is extremely important that you use a clean container
and clean oil if you want the tractors to continue to give good service.
Check the Battery
 Check to see the cables use firmly connected to the terminate
 Check the electrolyte level of each cell-add distilled water if necessary.
 Check for corrosion on the battery terminals: clean if necessary.
 Check the hold down clap, clamp firm it lose.
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Check the Tyres:
Check the tyres for the right pressure recommended by the
manufacturers.
Check side walls for cuts or breaks
Check treads for nails, stones etc.
Check fuel level: Add if necessary
Check the fuel system
Check hose for leaks
For diesel fuel system, check for drain cock on:
Bottom of fuel tank
Bottom of first fitter
Top of sediment bowl. Open and drain about 1 pint of fuel to make
certain that water and sediment are removed.
Lubricant with grease is not daily job but carry it out as regularly
as recommended by the manufacturer.
Make sure your cloths are free from tears bulging pockets, flayed
edges and heavy cutts. Also wear shoes with heels and tight soles.
Check miscellaneous items: water for loose nuts bents brachets
that need straightening worm parts that need replacing, loose or
worn fan belts loose wheel etc. starting a Diesel type engine:
IMPLEMENT MAINTANANCE
 The tractor driver is responsible for opening implements or
machine which he used with or tractor.
 All implements or machines titled with grease implies regaire
grease twice daily or every 5hrs.
 The oil level in gear boxes of P.T.O or pulley drives replacement
or machine should be checked twice daily.
 All nuts and bolts should be checks for tightens twice daily.
 All tyre pressure should be checked daily
 Adjustment of rubber belts or P.T.O drivers implements should
be checked daily.
 The hoses and nozzles of sprayer must be checked frequently
when in use for leaks or blockages.
The coupling and adjustment of 3 pt linkages
1. Leveling aim
2. Lift aim
3. Check chain
4. Draft control level: soil engaging implement
5. Position control level: for min engagement implement.
Materials used in manufacturing products
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Materials used in manufacturing products
METALS
Ferrous metals
Non-ferrous metal
WOOD (TIMBER)
Soft woods
Hard woods
PLASTICS
Thermosetting plastics
Thermo
Metals
Ferrous metals contain iron as the main constituent. Such metals are pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, steel e.t.c.
-Pig iron (crude form of iron) is used as a raw material for the production of various other ferrous metals (such as cast
iron, wrought iron and steel). It is obtained by melting iron ores in a blast furnace at a temperature of 1500C.
Non ferrous metals contain metal other than iron as the main constituent e. g aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, brass, tin