Transcript Вызовы и задачи продовольственной безопасности и питания на глобальном и региональном уровнях

Food security and nutrition challenges at global and
regional level
Mark Smulders
Senior Economist
Agricultural Development Economics Division
FAO, Rome
Inclusive policy dialogue to make trade policies conducive to
food security and nutrition
16-17 December 2014, FAO, Rome
Key messages
•
Food security and good nutrition (FSN) can be achieved when
state and non-state actors coordinate their actions well
•
Given the multidisciplinary nature of FSN, different sectors
(food, agriculture, trade, health, etc.) need to work together
•
Policies in one sector need to be assessed against policies in
another to avoid conflicting action during policy implementation
•
Trade policies can be conducive to FSN with a good
understanding of underlying concepts of food security and
nutrition
Food Security Defined
Food security exists when all people, at all times,
have physical and economic access
to sufficient, safe and nutritious food
to meet their dietary needs and food preferences
for an active and healthy life.
World Food Summit, November 1996
Four dimensions of food security
availability
• domestic
production
• import
capacity
• food stocks
• food aid
access
• poverty
• purchasing
power
• transport and
market
infrastructure
• food
distribution
stability
utilization
• weather
variability
• food safety
& quality
• price
fluctuations
• clean water
• political
factors
• economic
factors
• health &
sanitation
What is nutrition?
Nutrition is the consequence of the intake of food and the
utilization of nutrients by the body.
Good nutrition produces a healthy physical and physiological
condition. It is secured when food intake, absorption and
utilization provide all essential nutrients in required amounts.
CFS, 15-20 October 2012; CFS 2012/39/4
Food security and nutrition: key determinants
• food availability
• stability
• food access
food security
dimensions
• utilisation of food
• care and feeding practices
• health and sanitation conditions
determinants
of good/poor
nutrition
Food insecurity and malnutrition world-wide
•
805 million people suffer from chronic hunger (undernourishment)
•
161 million children are stunted (low height-for-age) and 51 million
wasted (low weight-for-height)
•
2 billion people suffer from micronutrient deficiencies, or “hidden hunger”
due to a lack of vitamins and minerals in the diet
•
> 500 million adults are obese, while an estimated 42 million children
under the age of five are overweight; this has increased the incidence of
non-communicable diseases related to diet, such as heart disease, stroke,
cancer and diabetes
Food availability in selected countries/regions
600
500
400
300
200
100
Average value of food production, $ per caput 1992-1994
Average value of food production, $ per caput 1999-2001
Average value of food production, $ per caput 2009-2011
Indicators of deprivation (poverty, stunting, hunger)
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line, % of population 2011-2013
Children aged <5 years stunted, % 2012
Prevalence of undernourished in total population, % 2013
38.0
34.7
32.4
26.8
20.8
17.8
14.8
11.310.4
6.4
16.6
13.1
11.0
7.2
6.5
6.0
8.4
9.1
5.5
2.9
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Caucasus
and Central
Asia
Belarus
Rupublic of
Russian
Moldova Federation
Ukraine
Strengthening synergies between trade policies and
food security and nutrition objectives
•
Given the multi-disciplinary nature of food security and nutrition
challenges, actions across many sectors are needed
•
Policies and investments from different sectors need to be assessed in
terms of their impact on food security and nutrition (+ or -)
•
For example, what impact does a change in trade policy have on food
availability, access to food and/or stability questions?
•
Or, how does a change in food safety regulation impact on food trade?
•
How do food policies impact on what people buy and eat?
•
Are policies implemented for the purpose they were formulated?
Towards the eradication of hunger, food insecurity
and malnutrition - the enabling environment
1. Policies,
programmes
and legal
frameworks
2. Human and
financial
resources
3.Governance,
coordination
mechanisms
and
partnerships
4. Evidencebased
decisionmaking