Transcript ch 4 kagan religious wars notes

Chapter 4
The Age of Religious Wars
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The massacre of worshipping Protestants at Vassy, France on
March 1, 1562, which began the French Wars of Religion.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Counter-Reformation
Reform movement in the Catholic Church in
response to the Reformation of the Protestant
Church.
Catholics devoted to one head and one law – such
as an absolute monarchy.
Catholicism supports centralized episcopal church with
hierarchy.
Stresses obedience to a supreme leader (Pope).
Enjoyed the baroque art style, which presented
life in grandiose three-dimensional displays.
Calvinism appealed to those who support political
de-centralization, anti-hierarchy.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
18th c. Catholic baroque
Church in Ottobruen,
Bavaria (HRE/Germany)
17th c. Calvinist plain
church in the Palatinate,
southwest Germany.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Baroque art
Successor to mannerism style.
Grandiose, ornate, heavy representation of
life.
3-D display of “raw energy”
Curved rather than straight lines
Dramatic ornamentation.
Baroque painting:
Peter Paul Rubens: The Fall of Phaeton, c. 1608
Baroque painting:
Peter Paul Rubens: Venus and Adonis, 1630s
Baroque painting:
Peter Paul Rubens: Christ on the Cross Between the Two Thieves
1620.
French Baroque style in architecture:
The Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. Louis XIV.
Baroque sculpture: Bernini’s Apollo and Daphne and The
Ecstasy of St. Teresa.
Protestant, Calvinist art: more restrained, gentle, and simple lines.
Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch Mennonite
Abraham and Isaac, 1634
Self Portrait, 1640.
Also by Rembramdt: Bathsheba at her Bath, 1654
Politiques
Intellectuals of the 1500’s criticized the
religious strife between Catholics and
Protestants.
Rulers/leaders who put the success and wellbeing of their states among all else.
Rulers who urged tolerance and moderation
and became indifferent to religion became
known as politiques.
Elizabeth I of England the most successful
politique.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Protestant Repression in France
French Protestants were known as Huguenots
Emperor Charles V started the first wave of
Protestant persecution in 1525
1534 – Protestants arrested and leader John
Calvin sent into exile
1540 – Edict of Fontainebleau makes Protestants
subject to the Inquisition
1551 – Edict of Chateaubriand establishes more
measures against the Protestants
Later the Bourbon and Montmorency-Chatillon
families become sympathetic to the Hugenots
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Catholic struggle for power
After accidental death of French King Henry
II, his sick 15-year old son Francis II took
the throne, then died a year later.
Three powerful families saw an opportunity:
The Bourbons (SW France)
The Montmorency-Chatillons (central France)
The Guises: strongest family (eastern France)
Guises established control over them:
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, was widow of
Francis and niece of the Guises.
Guise= militant, reactionary Catholicism
Appeal of Calvinism
John Calvin curries favor with powerful
aristocrats like the Prince of Conde, who
converted to Calvinism.
The powerful combination of now political and
religious (the Huguenots) dissidents made
Calvinism a viable religion in Catholic France.
Ambitious aristocrats joined the Calvinists to
oppose Guise domination.
Hoped to have territorial sovereignty “ciuis region eius
religio” like the Peace of Augsberg in the HRE.
Calvinism provided that vehicle.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Medicis and the Guises
Catherine de Medicis unsuccessfully attempts to
reconcile the differences between the Protestants
and the Catholic Guises (dominant radical
Catholic group of Eastern France) with religious
toleration.
Was ruling for her infant son Charles IX after her son
Francis II’s death.
The duke of Guise massacres Protestant
worshippers in surprise attack in Champagne,
causing the French wars of religion .
Medicis and her young king son go under the
control of the Guises.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Catherine de Medicis
(1519-1589).
Wife of Henry II.
Mother of Francis II,
Charles IX, and
Henry III.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Peace of
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Three wars of religion end with the deaths of the
duke of Guise (assassination), Protestant military
leader Conde and a Huguenot victory.
Peace treaty acknowledges the Protestant nobility,
grant Huguenots religious freedom, and the right
to fortify their cities.
Catherine, who once supported the Protestants,
turns to the Guises, fearing Protestant military
leader Coligny would draw France into a war with
Spain that could not be handled by her son.
Catherine ultimately wants a Catholic France but wants
religious tolerance and peace.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Saint Bartholomew’s
Day Massacre
Catherine convinces her son King Charles IX
(now 22) that a Huguenot coup was about to
happen.
Response is on August 24, 1572 – Coligny and
3,000 Huguenots are massacred in Paris; within
three days, 20,000 other Protestants are also killed
in France.
Pope Gregory III and Philip II of Spain= happy!
Protestant cause becomes one of sheer survival.
In response, Protestant writers call for an active
defense of religious rights and overthrow of
tyranny.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Henry of Navarre
Henry III (son of Catherine), a Catholic politique
attempts to compromise with the warring religions
to save the nation (which was more important to
him than religion).
Catholic League (supported by Spain) vs. The Huguenots
Henry III, under Catholic League influence, took away
some Protestant rights.
Henry of Navarre (heir to French throne, distant
cousin to Henry III) leads the Protestants in turning
back Henry III’s attempt to rout the Protestants at
the Day of the Barricades.
Weakens Henry III, and has Duke of Guise assassinated.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Henry of Navarre = Henry IV
The two Henrys are forced into an alliance against
the Guises, but Henry III is assassinated and
Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV, a Protestant
as King of France!
Henry IV, basically a politique, converts to
Catholicism, horrifying the Huguenots.
Still a popular king, strong opponent of Spain, which
made everyone happy anyway (sort of).
“Paris is worth a Mass.”
Ended the French religious wars.
Henry IV of France (r. 1589-1610) on horseback.
1594.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Edict of Nantes:
April 13, 1598
A formal religious settlement from Henry IV that
gave Protestants religious freedoms within their
own towns and territories.
Public worship, assembly, admission to public office
and universities.
The violence stops, but hostilities remain.
A Catholic fanatic assassinates Henry IV in 1610.
Laid foundation for transformation of France into
an absolute monarchy.
King Louis XIV will revoke this edict in 1685.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Philip II of Spain
Son of Charles V, HRE, and
Isabella of Portugal.
Staunchly Catholic.
Wants to rule the world.
Phillip II of Spain
Most powerful man in Europe until the defeat of the
Spanish Armada in 1588.
Was very wealthy from bullion and gold.
Increased population widens economic gap between the
wealthy and the peasants.
Wealth in Spain was concentrated in the hands of very few.
Makes the Castilian peasants the most heavily taxed people
in Europe.
Ran an efficient bureaucracy and military.
A sea battle in the Mediterranean Sea against Turkey leads
to the deaths of 30,000 Turks and Spanish control of the sea
Suppresses resistance in Portugal.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Revolt in the Netherlands
Phil tried to impose his will in England,
France, and the Netherlands.
The Netherlands was the richest area of the
Habsburg kingdom.
His sister, Margaret of Parma, ruled it for
him.
Headed by Cardinal Granvelle, a Catholic
who wanted to limit Protestant power.
Goal: Politically centralized but weak gov’t
controlled by Spain. Peace of cake!
But the Netherlands was full of rich Calvinist
towns, like Antwerp.
Revolt in the Netherlands
William of Orange: with the help of Count Egmont, he
resisted Spanish influence.
a.k.a. William of Nassau, or “William the Silent”
A politique; was born Catholic, married a Lutheran and then
converted to Calvinism after St. Bart’s Massacre.
The Compromise, a solemn pledge by Philip II of Spain to
Louis of Nassau (Orange’s brother) to reject the decrees
of Council of Trent and the Inquisition.
Revolt by the Protestants, after they were called “beggars”
by Regent Margaret, is violently put down by Philip II’s
Duke of Alba, who with an army of 100,000, PUBLICLY
executes thousands of suspected “heretics”, including
Egmont.
Spain then levies tax on the Netherlands- to make them
pay for putting down their own revolt.
Duke of Alba= severely hated man.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Netherlands during the Reformation.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
“The Milch Cow”. The Netherlands as a cow being fed by
Elizabeth I of England, Philip II is trying to ride her, William of
Orange is trying to milk her, and the king of France holds her tail.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Independence for the Netherlands
William of Orange comes out of exile in Germany and leads
the independence movement of the Netherlands against
Spain.
• Orange takes over Calvinist-inclined Northern territories
(Holland).
• Enlists the help of the “Sea Beggars”.
• Alba replaced by Don Luis de Requesens, who dies in 1576.
Spanish Fury – Spanish mercenaries, unpaid and leaderless,
leave 7,000 people dead on November 4, 1576 – the
massacre unites Protestant and Catholic Netherlands versus
Spain under the Pacification of Ghent.
Spain signs humiliating Perpetual Edict calling for the
removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands. William
of Orange takes control.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Independence for the Netherlands
Southern Catholic provinces (modern Belgium) afraid of
Protestant domination make peace with Spain in the Union
of Arras and make one last effort to control the country.
Philip sees this as an opportunity to seize the Neth again:
he declares William an outlaw and places bounty on his
head.
Actually causes the North(Protestant) to react with even
more resistance against Spain.
William of Orange is assassinated and replaced by his son
Maurice who with the help of England and France finally
defeat Spain.
His assassin was a French Catholic/Spanish-educated Balthasar
Gerard- he was caught, heinously tortured, then executed,
Spain first signs truce in 1609 and recognizes full
independence of the Netherlands in 1648 with the Peace of
Westphalia.
England and Spain
Before Edward VI (Henry VIII’s only son)
died at age 16, he agreed to make Lady
Jane Grey his successor instead of his
Catholic half-sister Mary.
Lady Grey: Edward’s second cousin and
teen daughter of powerful Protestant noble.
But England wasn’t ready for a nonhereditary monarch. She was beheaded after
9 days of ruling as Queen of England.
Mary I of England
Catholic daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of
Aragon (wife #1).
Very hostile to Protestants (executes great
Protestant leaders, like Thomas Cranmer;
hundreds are burned at the stake and others flee to
the Continent as “Marian Exiles”).
Hence, “Bloody Mary”.
Had her half-sister Elizabeth imprisoned.
Marries into militant Catholicism by wedding the
Philip II of Spain.
She was 11 years older than him.
Makes Philip the king of England too.
Dies childless of cancer after only 5 years.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Mary Tudor/ Queen Mary I: Reigned 1553-1558.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Elizabeth I of England
Reigned 1558-1603 (45 years)
Successful politique.
Settled religious differences by merging broadly
defined Protestant doctrine with traditional
Catholic ritual, later resulting in the Anglican
Church.
All anti-Protestant legislation repealed and
Thirty-Nine Articles is issued in 1563, making
moderate Protestantism the official religion of the
Church of England
Animosity grows between England and Spain over
dominance of the seas
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Queen Elizabeth I (as Princess Elizabeth)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Swan Theater, near
Shakespeare’s Globe
Theater in England.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Catholic and Protestant Extremists
Elizabeth wanted middle ground between
Protestants and Catholics.
Catholics were the majority when she took
the throne.
She refused Philip II’s marriage proposal,
earning Spanish resentment.
Extremists and Jesuits plotted against her.
She was the “Virgin Queen”: never married
to remain politically independent.
Catholic and Protestant Extremists
Radical Catholics wanted to replace Elizabeth I with
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (her 2nd cousin)
Many assassination attempts.
Did not execute many Catholics.
Puritans – Protestants who wanted to purify the
church of any “popery” had two grievances about
Elizabeth:
• the retention of Catholic ceremony in the Church of England
• the continuation of the Episcopal system of church governance
Presbyterians – Puritans’ creation of an alternative
national church of semi-autonomous congregations
governed by representative presbyteries.
More extreme Puritans, Congregationalists wanted
every congregation to be autonomous.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Mary, Queen of Scots
Catholic ruler of Scotland who later is forced to
abdicate the throne and flee to England and her
cousin Elizabeth I after a public scandal.
Elizabeth, who has Mary under house arrest for
the fear of a Catholic England uprising, uncovers
two plots against her life.
Mary is compliant with the assassination attempts
and is executed by Elizabeth.
Ending all Catholic hopes of a bloodless
reconciliation with Protestant England and leads to
the invasion of the Spanish Armada.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Deterioration of Relations with Spain
Series of events:
1567- Alba’s invasion of the Netherlands, which was
seen as a stepping stone to invade England.
Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth- 1570.
Sea Beggars (many were English pirates) seize Dutch
cities.
England signs defensive alliance with France.
Elizabeth’s famed seamen John Hawkins and Sir
Francis Drake (who circled the globe) were preying on
Spanish ships, esp. in Americas.
After St. Bart’s, Elizabeth was only protector of
Protestants in the Netherlands.
Provided soldiers and aid to Henry of Navarre in the
Netherlands.
The Defeat of the
Spanish Armada
Sir Francis Drake of England shells the Spanish
port of Cadiz and raids Portugal, delaying the
invasion of the Spanish Armada.
A huge Spanish fleet of 130 ships and 25,000
sailors is crushed by the swifter defending British
navy (1/3 of the Armada never return to Spain).
Protestant resistance everywhere is given hope and
Spain is never again a world power.
After Philip II’s death, Spain never had such a
strong leader.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Preconditions for
The Thirty Years War
Fragmented Germany – Germany was an almost ungovernable land of
360 autonomous political entities.
• Was Europe’s highway for trade and travel.
• Peace of Augsberg gave them this sovereignty.
• After Council of Trent , Protestants were afraid that Catholics would attempt
to recreate the Catholic Europe of pre-Reformation times.
Religious Divisions in the Holy Roman Empire
• Between the equally-numbered Catholics and Protestants
• Between liberal and conservative Lutherans
• Between Lutherans and Calvinists
Calvinism Rule of the Palatinate (SW region of Germany)
• Calvinism unrecognized as a legal religion by the Peace of Augsburg, puts
Frederick III (devout Calvinist) in as the Elector Palatine.
• Lutherans felt the Palatine Calvinists threatened the Peace of Augsburg and
the existence of Lutherans themselves
Maximilian I of Bavaria counters the Palatine with the Catholic
League.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Germany in 1564
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Religious divisions in Europe around 1600.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Holy Roman Empire in 1618,
on the eve of the Thirty Years War
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Bohemian Period of the
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1625)
Catholics name Ferdinand II (Catholic) as Holy
Roman Emperor, who immediately revokes
religious freedom to Bohemian Protestants.
Bohemians defiantly name Palatine, Frederick V
their king.
Spain joins Maximilian, who defeats Frederick’s
troops at the Battle of White Mountain, thereby
taking over Bohemia and Palatine.
By 1622, he had re-Catholicized Bohemia and the
Palatine.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Bohemian protesters throw 3 of Ferdinand’s agents out the window
To protest his revocation of Protestant freedoms.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Danish Period (1625-1629)
Emperor Maximilian humiliates Protestant forces
in Germany under Danish Lutheran king
Christian V and forces them to return to
Denmark.
Maximilian wasn’t a trusty ally, so Ferdinand
looked elsewhere:
Emperor Ferdinand gains an ally in the powerful
Protestant mercenary Albrecht of Wallenstein.
• An out-of-control, kinda scary rogue mercenary.
Breaks Protestant resistance and orders the Edict of
Restitution, an unrealistic move.
• Called for return of church lands to Catholics, reaffirmed
illegality of Calvinism.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Swedish Period (1630-1635)
Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden, a Lutheran, with help
from the French and Dutch, turn the tide of the war with a
smashing victory at Breitenfield.
Adolphus is killed by Wallenstein’s forces at the Battle of
Lutzen, but then Wallenstein is assassinated himself by
Ferdinand, who was afraid of his independence.
Despite religious convictions, the assassination of
Wallenstein proved it was more a war of greed and
politics.
Peace of Prague – German Protestant states reach a
compromise with Ferdinand; the war, however, continues
elsewhere.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Fourth and Final Period: The
Swedish-French Period (1635-1648)
Longest and most devastating.
French, Swedish, and Spanish troops for the next
thirteen years attack and loot Germany simply for the
sake of warring itself.
Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 ends the war by which
time had killed one-third of Germany’s population –
the Treaty did the following:
• Rescinded the Edict of Restitution and put back the Peace of
Augsburg.
• Calvinists officially recognized.
• Swiss Confederacy, the Netherlands and Bavaria become
independent.
• Brandenburg –Prussia becomes most powerful German state.
• Perpetuated German division and weakness into the modern
era by confirming territorial independence of Germany’s many
entities.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Europe in 1648: After the Thirty Years War
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Spain and France
Spain and France continue to war until
1659, when France emerges victorious.
France becomes Europe’s dominant power,
while Hapsburg Spain never recovers.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.