Animal Kingdom

• • •

Heterotrophs Multicellular and eukaryotic with no cell walls Invertebrates

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95% of all animals

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No backbone or vertebral column

Vertebrates

• • •

5% of all animals Have a backbone Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

What Animals Do To Survive

Feeding

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Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores

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Filter feeders Symbiotic relationships Respiration

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Diffusion vs. organ system to respire Circulation

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Diffusion vs. circulatory system Excretion

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Pumps water out of body vs. organs (kidneys) Response

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Arrangement of nerve cells Movement

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Sessile vs. motile

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Muscles Reproduction

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Asexual vs. sexual

Trends in Animal Evolution

• •

Cell specialization and levels of organization Cells



tissues



organs



organ systems

• – –

Body symmetry: arrangement of body structures Radial: body divided into equal halves Bilateral: body divided into equal two halves (left and right sides)

•

Cephalization: sense organs and nerve cells at front end of body

• • • • •

Body cavity: fluid-filled space b/w the digestive tract and body wall Where you find internal organs

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Acoelomate: no body cavity Digestive tract found throughout the body

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Pseudocoelomate: space develops b/w body cavity layers 1-way digestive tract Coelomate: completely surrounded fluid-filled space

Phylum Porifera

• • • • • • •

Means

“

pore-bearers

”

Tiny openings (pores) all over body Sessile (do not move) Simplest type of animal Has spicules: spike-shaped structure made of calcium Filter feeders Ex: sponges

Phylum Coelenterates (Cnidaria)

• • •

Means

“

hollow gut

”

Soft bodied, carnivorous Have stinging tentacles around mouth

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Stinging cells inside tentacles

•

Ex: hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone, coral

Phylum Platyhelminthes

• • • •

Flatworms (flat body) 3 embryonic germ layers Acoelomates (no fluid-filled body cavity) Ex: tapeworms, Planaria, flukes

Phylum Nematoda

• • • • • •

Roundworms Parasitic, free-living Unsegmented Pseudocoelom (false coelom) Digestive tract with 2 openings (mouth and anus) Ex: Ascaris, hookworm, Trichenella, Filaria

Guinea Worm

Phylum Annelida

• • • • •

Segmented worms Body has a lot of segments Has true coelom Tube within a tube digestive tract Ex: earthworms, leeches, polychetes

Phylum Mollusca

• • •

Means soft-bodied Have internal or external shell Foot, mantle, shell, visceral mass

Univalves

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1 shell

•

Ex: snails, conchs, slugs

Bivalves

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2 shells held together by powerful muscles

•

Ex: clams, oysters, mussels, scallops

Cephalopods

• •

Means

“

head-foot

”

Ex: octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish

Phylum Arthropoda

• • • •

Segmented body Tough exoskeleton (made of chitin) Means

“

jointed-leg

”

Undergo molting and metamorphosis

Arachnids

• • •

2 body segments 8 legs

Ex: spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

Crustaceans

• •

Live only in water Chewing mouthparts called mandibles

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Ex: crayfish, lobster, crabs, shrimp

Insects

•

3 body segments

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Head, thorax, abdomen

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6 legs

•

Ex: flies, bees, grasshopper

Myriapods

•

A lot of legs

•

Ex: centipedes, millipedes

Phylum Echinodermata

• • • • •

Means

“

spiny skin

”

Internal skeleton Water vascular system Tube feet (suction-cup like structures) Ex: sea urchins, starfish, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars

Ch. 26-34 Review #1

1. Invertebrates that have no coelom lack a a. Heart b. Body cavity c. digestive tract d. mouth 2. Invertebrates with mirror-image left and right sides have ___.

a. bilateral symmetry b. bifunctional symmetry c. unilateral symmetry d. radial symmetry 3. Describe the general characteristics of the animal kingdom: a. Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

b. Autotrophs or heterotrophs?

c. Uni- or multicellular?

d. Have a cell wall?

Fish

• • • • • • • • •

Body Temperature: cold-blooded (ectotherm) Fertilization: external Body covering: scales Limbs: fins Respiration: gills Method of reproduction: lay eggs in water Aquatic animals Streamline shape 2-chambered heart

Jawless Fish

•

Jawless (Agnatha): lampreys, hagfish

Cartilaginous Fish

•

Cartilaginous (Chondrichthyes): sharks, skates, rays

Bony Fish

•

Bony (Osteichthyes): lobe-finned, lungfish, ray-finned

Amphibians

• • • • • •

Body Temperature: cold-blooded (ectotherm) Fertilization: external Body covering: smooth, moist skin Limbs: 4 webbed feet) Respiration: lungs and skin Method of reproduction: lay eggs in water

• •

3-chambered heart Goes through metamorphosis (tadpole



frog)

•

Ex: Caecilians, frogs, salamanders, newts, mudpuppies

Reptiles

• • • • • •

Body Temperature: cold-blooded (ectotherm) Fertilization: internal Body covering: dry, scaly skin Limbs: 4 (feet with claws) Respiration: lungs Method of reproduction: lay eggs on land

• • • •

Terrestrial 3-chambered heart Hard-shelled eggs (amniotic eggs) Ex: turtles, snakes, crocodiles, alligators, tuatara

Birds

• • • • • •

Body Temperature: warm-blooded (endotherm) Fertilization: internal Body covering: feathers Limbs: 4 (2 wings, 2 legs) Respiration: lungs Method of reproduction: lay eggs on land

• • • • •

4-chambered heart Hollow bones (makes lightweight) Toothless beak Amniote egg Ex: swimming, raptors, perching, flightless, wading

Mammals

• • • • • • • • •

Body Temperature: warm-blooded (endotherm) Fertilization: internal Body covering: skin with hair Limbs: 4 Respiration: lungs Method of reproduction: give birth to live young 4-chambered heart Nurse young Large, well-developed brains

Monotremes

•

Monotremes



egg laying

–

Duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater

Marsupials

•

Marsupials



pouched

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Kangaroo, opossum

Placental Mammals

•

Placental



young in uterus nourished by placenta

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11 orders

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Ex: humans, horses, cows…etc.

Animal Behavior

• •

Behavior: what an animal does in response to a stimulus

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Ex: environment, feeding, mating Innate behavior: inherited behavior

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Reflex



automatic response to a stimulus (no conscious control)

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Fight-or-flight response greater activity

• 

gets body ready for Automatic response (controlled by hormones and nervous system)

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Instinctive behavior: involve more complex actions

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Courtship behavior: males and females carry out before mating

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Territory: physical space an animal defends against other members of its species

•

Uses pheromones to mark territory

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Aggressive behavior: used to intimidate another animal of the same species Dominance hierarchy: different levels of dominant and submissive animals

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Pecking order

•

Circadian rhythm: 24 hour, light-regulated sleep/wake cycle of behavior

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Controlled by genes

•

Migration: rhythms that occur on a yearly or seasonal cycle

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Seasonal movements of animals

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Hibernation: body temperature drops, oxygen consumption decreases, breathing rate drops to conserve energy

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Estivation: state of reduced metabolism in high heat environments

Learned Behavior

• • • • • •

Habituation: animal is repeatedly given a stimulus not associated with punishment or reward Imprinting: form social attachment to another object Trial-and-error learning Motivation Classical conditioning



learning by association Insight



using previous experiences to respond to a new situation

Ch. 26-34 Review #2

1. The process of fertilization in which adults release eggs and sperm into surrounding water is called ___.

a. asexual reproduction b. asexual fertilization c. internal fertilization d. external fertilization 2. The process in which eggs are fertilized inside the body of a female is called ____.

a. internal fertilization b. asexual fertilization c. external fertilization d. asexual reproduction 3. What does an ectotherm use to warm up?

4. Egg-laying mammals are called ____.