Diversity of Organisms and Classification

Classification of Organisms

Kingdom Phylum / Division Class Order Family Genus Species…var.or cul.

Species

 The smallest group of organisms classified which can interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring; it is always written w/ a small letter.

 An example of man’s classification on the Genus level is

Homo sapiens

where the Genus name is always capitalized. Underline if handwritten. (Linneus?)

Six Kingdom System

(was five; now six)  Bacteria (Monerans)= 1. Eubacteria  Protists( Protista) 2. Archaebacteria  Fungi  Plants(Plantae)  Animals(Animalia)

Bacteria Kingdom

   Unicellular, microscopic No nucleus – Prokaryotic Most have no chlorophyll – Saprophytic or parasitic – Some chemosynthetic & some photosynthetic – Examples?

– Most are helpful, not harmful in the world

Protist Kingdom, Protozoans, Sporozoans, & Algae  Most Unicellular; most microscopic  Nucleus present

(ODD group=micro. &

– Eukaryotic

kelp 2-300 ft. long)

 Autotrophic or heterotrophic  EX?

Algae

 Aquatic  May be unicellular or multicellular  No root, stem or leaf  Contain photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis

Protozoans & Sporozoans

 Includes Amoeba (pseudopodia), Flagellates(African sleeping sickness & help termites to digest wood), Ciliates like

Paramecia

, Parasitic sporozoans (must have host to stay alive, malaria with Plasmodium; has a vector with carries it = the

Anophles

mosquito)

Fungus Kingdom

 Eukaryotic  Made up of hyphae (sexual by + & - )  No root, no stem and no leaf  No chlorophyll – Saprophytic or parasitic(EX?)  Reproduce by spores=asexual

Animal Kingdom

 Eukaryotic  Divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of backbone: – Invertebrates : without backbone – Vertebrates : with backbone – EX? (we will explore all later in this presentation.)

Phylum Porifera

    Only two layers of cells Simplest animal  Pore-bearers & filter feeders Variety of shapes, colors, and sizes asymmetrical

Invertebrate

Coelenterates; now called Cnidaria (Cnidarians) •2 layers of cells •Have tentacles with stinging cells •One opening (same way in; same way out) (EX?) •These are the least complex of all animals that move •Radially symmetrical

Phylum Platyhelminthes, Flatworms •Long and flattened body •Free living or parasitic •EX? Same way in; same way out, but do have flame cells for liquid wastes •Cilia, regeneration, asexual & sexual, bilateral sym., acoelomate body(3 layers of cells but no body cavities)

Phylum Nematoda, Roundwoms

•Long, cylindrical and nonsegmented body •Bilateral symmetry, true one way digestive tract (one way in; another way out!!! Yeh!) •EX? Pseudocoelomates (fluid filled cavity with 3 layers cells), some parasitic, some freeliving •COOK food, especially meats, done! Trichinella, schizomyasis, nematodes in plants roots, etc.

Phylum Mollusca, Mollusks

•Soft and unsegmented body •Most covered by a hard shell •Radula or beak to eat, muscular foot, systems, gills, EX?

•Gastropods, Bivalves, Cephalopo pods; Over 10,000 species

Phylum Annelida, segmented worms •Long and segmented body, coelomates with segments which allow for organ & organ systems •Have setae for locomotion (bristles), EX?

•Bilateral symmetry, parasitic & freeliving, gizzard, crop, circulatory, nervous, nephridia, etc.

Phylum Arthropoda, jointed-feet or legs (appendages)

• Segmented body, shell made of chitin • Have a hard exoskeleton and several pairs of jointed legs, molt, 2 or (cephalothorax, abdomen, etc.)3 parts, gills or tracheal tubes, book lungs, spiracles, pheromones,compound & simple eyes, mandibles,parthenogenesis, incomplete or complete metamorphosis, 2 out or every 3 animals on earth! Divided into 4 classes, EX?

1.

Crustaceans 2.

Arachnids 3.

4.

Myriapods Insects

Crustaceans

Arachnids

Myriapods

Insects

Over 1 million species of insects!

Phylum Echinodermata, spiny skinned animals •Marine animals with (5)radial body symmetry •Have external spines, regeneration (asexual), tube feet (water vascular system), some turn stomach inside out, endoskeleton, have eye spots on ends of arms, some poisonous, external fertilization in the water, EX?

Vertebrates

 Divided into 5 groups: All chordates have notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, “gill slits”,& muscle blocks, EX?

– Fish (cartilaginous & boney fishes, need water to live) – Amphibians (must have water to reproduce) – Reptiles (have scales & leathery egg for land) – Birds (have feathers & eggs & hollow bones) – Mammals (have hair, mammary glands, different types of teeth, modified limbs, can learn with an advanced brain, many placental, some marsupial, few monotremes)

Fish (cartilaginous or boney)

 Aquatic; lateral line  Coldblooded (exothermic)  Body covered with wet and slimy scales  Streamline body for easy movement through water; EX?

 Fins for balance and to control movement  Gills for breathing  External fertilization

Amphibians

 Coldblooded (exothermic)  Moist, scaleless skin, breathe through skin  Limbs present – Tetrapods ; EX?

 Larvae (tadpoles= metamorphosis) use gills for breathing; adults use lungs  External fertilization

Reptiles

      Coldblooded -exothermic Body covered with dry, hard scales Live on land; some parthenogenesis Breathe with lungs Internal fertilization; lay leathery eggs Some sex determined by temperature EX?

Birds

 Warm-blooded  (Endothermic) With feathers and wings; hollow bones     Beak for feeding Lungs for breathing Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs Many make nests; maternal instinct; EX?



Mammals

Warm-blooded (Endothermic)  Hairs on skin; brain advanced; maternal  Females have mammary glands for producing milk  Lungs for breathing  Diaphragm present  Internal fertilization; embryos develop inside mothers’ bodies

   

Plant Kingdom

Eukaryotic Most plants contains photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis – Autotrophic Can be divided into two groups: Nonseed (spores = EX?) or Seed producing Seed producing are of two types: – Nonflowering plants (EX?) seeds in cones – Flowering plants (EX?) two classes: Monocots (monocotyledons) & Dicots (dicotyledons)

Non-Seed plants, nonvascular & vascular  7 groups: – Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses (all nonvascular) – Whisk Ferns, Club mosses, Horsetails, Ferns (All vascular)

Mosses

 With simple leaves and stems  No root; with rhizoids for anchorage and absorption of water  Reproduce by spores  some vascular  Found in damp area

Ferns

 With true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissues  Reproduce by spores  Live in damp places

Seed Producing Plants, Gymnosperms (Conifers) & Angiosperms (Anthophytes)  Conifers (nonflowering plants) bear cones with seeds; pines, fir, cypress, cedar, redwoods; they have scalelike or needlelike leaves; they are evergreen.

 Anthophytes (the flowering plants), largest most diverse group of plants, ~300,000 species on earth, Two types: monocots & dicots

Gymnosperms

 Reproduction by producing seeds – Seeds develop in cones, not enclosed  by fruits naked seeds  Needle-shaped leaves to reduce water loss  EX?

Angiosperms (Flowering plants)

    With flowers for reproduction Seeds are produced inside the fruit (matured ovary) Some have female & male parts separate plants; some have in same flower EX?

Two groups of flowering plants: Give examples of each?

Dicotyledons Cotyledons

Two seedleaves

Leaf venation

Netted

Root system

Tap root system

Monocotyledons

One seedleaf Parallel Fibrous root system