Transcript Taxonomic Overview of the Six Kingdoms

Taxonomic Overview of the Six
Kingdoms
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Archeabacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Video 1
Domains
of Life
Eubacteria
Archea
Bacteria
Kingdoms Monera (Archea, and Eubacteria)
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The only Prokaryotic organisms
Unicellular, free-living and parasitic forms
Self replicating (asexual)
Usually sensitive to antibiotics
Responsible for the majority of human
infectious diseases (pathogenic)
The Domains Archea/Prokarya
• Late 1990’s differences in the kingdom
Monera become more distinct
• Kingdom Monera splits into two distinct
Kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archeabacteria
• Archea- “ancient” bacteria
• Eubacteria- “modern” bacteria
• Presence of peptidoglycan (an unusual
carbohydrate) in the cell walls distinguishes
the Eubacteria group from the
Archeabacteria
Kingdom Archaeabacteria
Archaebacteria “the oldest bacteria”
• all anaerobic-live without oxygen
• all chemosynthetic autotrophs
Subphylums or divisions:
Methanogens, Acidophiles, Haliphiles,
Thermophiles
Live in extreme environments
Cell walls lack peptidoglycan and have different
membrane lipids than Eubacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
• Eubacteria“modern bacteria”
• mostly parasitic heterotrophs or
saprophytic (feed on dead organic material)
• Decomposer bacteria-important for the
nitrogen cycle
• some may be photosynthetic autotrophs.
• cell walls contain peptidoglycan
Kingdom Eubacteria
subphylum Cyanobacteria (blue green
algae)
-not always blue/green
-often are yellow/gold
-colonies of bacteria or chains of cells
-1st producers of free oxygen
- ancestors of plant kingdom and some
protists
Morphology of Monerans
Classsification by shape
Prefixes are added to the three basic shapes to further
classify the bacteria according to their ARRANGEMENT.
The three basic arrangements are:
1) Diplo-paired arrangement
2) Staphylo- clustered arrangement
3) Strepto- chained arrangement
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Structure of a Bacterial Cell
MAJOR BACTERIAL NUTRITIONAL MODES
NUTRIONAL MODE
ENERGY AND CARBON
SOURCE
Heterotrophs:
Saprophytic heterotrophs
Feed off of other living and dead organisms
Photoheterotrophs
uses light energy but gets its carbon from
other organisms
Chemohetertroph
obtains both energy and carbon from other
organisms
Autotrophs:
Photoautotrophs
uses light energy and gets carbon from
carbon dioxide (CO2)
Chemoautotrophs
extracts energy from inorganic compounds
and uses CO2 as a carbon source
What Characterizes Eukaryotes
from Prokaryotes?
• The presence of a membrane bound nucleus
• The presence of plastids/organelles
(endosymbiosis) See page 427
• Sexual reproduction
• Mobility (motor proteins)
• Colonization (multicellularity)
Video 2 The Eukaryotic Cell Evolves
Endosymbiosis
Chloroplast
Aerobic
bacteria
Ancient Prokaryotes
Nuclear
envelope
evolving
Plants and
plantlike
protists
Photosynthetic
bacteria
Mitochondrion
Primitive Photosynthetic
Eukaryote
Ancient Anaerobic
Prokaryote
Primitive Aerobic
Eukaryote
Animals, fungi, and
non-plantlike protists
Kingdom Protista Characteristics
 All Eukaryotic
Internal organization
 External organization
1.unicellular
2.colonial
3.multicellular, but lacking true tissues
 Cells may be autotrophic or heterotrophic
 Cells may have cell walls made of a variety of
materials
 Reproduction may be sexual, asexual, or both
 Some protists display much movement others
little.
Importance of protists
1. Phytoplankton and other plant-like protists = primary
producers aquatic ecosystems
2. Zooplankton provide major food source for larger
aquatic animals
3. Many unicellular protists are important symbiotes
Ex. gut protists of ruminants (e.g. cattle), termites
4. Many unicellular protists are harmful:
Ex. "red tide" organisms in aquatic systems
5. A variety of human parasites and pathogens are
protists
Kingdom Protista
• Division Protozoa “animal like protists” and
are classified by the way they move
• Phylum Sarcodina- psuedopodial movement,
(freshwater ameoba)
• Phylum Ciliophora - movement by tiny hairlike
projections called cilia (paramecium)
• Phylum Mastigophora - movement by whip-like
tail called a flagella (Euglena)
Kingdom Protista
• Division Algae “the plant-like protists”
• Classified by their photosynthetic pigments
• Phylum Euglenaphyta- unicellular, aquatic, with
both plant and animal characteristics
video
• Phylum Bacillariophyta- unicellular, shelled
photosynthetic autotrophs.
“DIATOMS”
• Phylum Pyrophyta- unicellular with two flagella
(dinoflagellates), and red (carotenoid) pigments
Kingdom Protista
• Division Algae
• Classified by their photosynthetic pigments
• Phylum Rhodophyta- red algae
• Phylum Phaeophyta- brown algae
• Phylum Chlorophyta- green algae
• Phylum Chrysophyta- golden algae
Kingdom Protista
Division: Plasmodia (fungi-like protists)
reproduction by spores
•Phylum Myxomycota- cellular slime molds, with
ameoba-like movement,
•Phylum Acrasiomycota- “plasmodial” slime
molds, non membrane bound cytoplasm, slime
nets on leaves and logs
•Phylum Oomycota- water molds and mildews
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Fungi
General Characteristics:
•Multicellular heterotrophs that have cell walls made of Chitin
but lack chlorophyll, roots and stems
•Extracellular saprophytes (decomposers)- secrete enzymes
through specialized tissues to digest and absorb nutrients
•Reproduction through spores or fragmenting, classified by
reproductive structures (fruiting bodies)
•Adapted to changing environments with specialized sacs known
as sporangium
•Sporangia enable to reproductive spores to survive long periods
of dry conditions
•have multinucleated cells
-parasitic forms that feed on living organism (athletes foot,
ring worm, smuts and blights)
-mutualistic symbiants of plants (mycorrhizal association)
-release enzymes outside the cell wall to break down food
into chemical form, then absorb nutrients in chemical form
through the cell membrane. (extra-cellular digestion)
-classified by reproductive organs (fruiting bodies).
Structures of Fungi
Fruiting body
Hyphae
Mycelium
Hyphae-filaments that secrete enzymes
and support reproductive structures
Mycelium-large masses of hyphae, give
bread molds a cottony appearance.
Rizoids -root-like hyphae that also
secrete enzyme and pitting food source.
Stolons –hyphae that connect stolons
All four absorb nutrients.
Hyphae Structure
Section 21-1
Nuclei
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Cross wall
Cytoplasm
Septate Hyphae
With Cross Walls
Nuclei
Cell wall
Ceonocytic Hyphae
Without Cross Walls
PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA - COMMON MOLDS
REPRODUCE THROUGH ZYGOSPORESSTRUCTURES THAT FORM A NETWORK OF
HYPHAE. HYPHAE CAN JOIN AND REPRODUCE
SEXUALLY OR PRODUCE A FRUITING BODY WITH
SPORES (ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION)
PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA - SAC FUNGI
SAC FUNGI REPRODUCE SEXUALLY
BY FORMING AN ASCUS (ASCI) - A
SAC STRUCTURE IN WHICH SPORES
ARE FORMED.
PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA - CLUB FUNGI
CLUB FUNGI REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY FORMING
SPORES IN A STRUCTURE CALLED A BASIDIUM
(BASIDIA) WHICH CAN BE FOUND LINING GILLS INSIDE
THE BASIDIOCARP (THE MUSHROOM CAP).
DEUTEROMYCOTA – Imperfect Fungi (OTHER
FUNGI)
Called the Imperfect Fungi because there is an apparent
ABSENCE of Sexual Reproduction.
MYCORRHIZAE AND LICHENS
The Kingdom Plantae
Classification and General Characteristics
12 Divisions or Phyla based on
seed and tissue structure
Kingdom Plantae
• Division Bryophyta
Seedless and Nonvascular
Nonvascular- do not have
transporting tissues such
as roots, stems , and
leaves
Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts
• Division Tracheaphyta
Vascular plants; have true
roots, stems, and leaves.
Ferns- seedless vascular
Gymnosperms- naked seeds
Angiosperms- flowering
plants with coated seed
Division Bryophyta
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Subphylum:
Mosses (Bryophyta), Liverworts
(Hepatophyta) and Hornworts
(Anthoceraphyta).
They reproduce by spores, never have
flowers, and can be found growing on the
ground, on rocks, and on other plants.
Depend upon external moisture to transport
nutrients
Reproduce through alternating generations
Division Tracheaphyta
• Subphylum:
I. Ferns (Pteridophyta), Horsetails (Sphenophyta),
Whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and Club mosses
(Lycopodophyta)
 Represent the second major step in the
evolutionary sophistication of plants
 Have a vascular system to transport fluids
through their bodies.
 They reproduce from spores rather than seeds.
Division Tracheaphyta
II. Gymnosperms; Ginko Maidenhair Tree
(Ginkophyta), Cycads palm tree (Cycadophyta), Vine
trees (Gnetophyta) Evergreens (Coniferophyta)
 Gymnosperms add the next level of complexity to plant
evolution: they reproduce from seeds instead of spores.
 Seeds are "naked" (Greek: gummnos) -- not covered by
an ovary
 Seed is produced inside a cone-like structure
 Have needle-like, scale-like leaves to prevent water
loss
Division Tracheaphyta
III. Angiosperms; Anthophyta (flowering
plants)
• Angiosperms add the final improvement to
plant reproduction: they grow their seeds inside
an ovary embedded in a flower.
• Flower becomes a fruit after fertilization
Division Anthophyta
A. Class Monocotyledoneae
B. Class Dicotyledoneae
 Having one seed leaf or
  Having two seed leafs or
cotyledon (corn and peas)
cotyledons (peanut)
 Parallel leaf veins
  Branched veins in the
leaves
 Includes grains such as wheat,
oats, and corn
Most fruit trees, shrubs,
vines, vegetables and
flowers
The Kingdom Animalia:
Introduction to Animal Evolution
and the Invertebrates
I. What defines an Animal species?
– multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes
– most animals ingest and store their carbohydrates in the
form of glycogen
– cells DO NOT have cell walls
– many animals have muscle tissue and nervous tissue
– Go through similar patterns of development
– haploid sperm + haploid egg >>>>> diploid zygote
– zygote >> cleavage >> blastula >> gastrula
Phylogeny and Classification of Animals
Two major divisions (sub-phylums):
invertebrates
- no skeletal structure
vertebrates - internal bony structures
Animals are classified by body plans and the presence or
absence of certain tissues:
Parazoa- specialized cells, no tissues, no symmetry
Radiata- living tissues, with specialized functions,
radial symmetry
Bilateria- layered tissues,Can be divided into equal
halves
a) Acoelomates- No body cavity
b) Psuedocoelomates- False cavity
c) Coelomates- Body cavity
Phylogenetic Tree of the Animal Kingdom
I. Sponges (phylum Porifera) are stationary animals without
“true tissues”
– filter feeder - water pushed through; plankton trapped
– mostly marine species; some frshwater species
– hermaphrodite - most produce BOTH sperm and eggs
– different cell types, but no real “tissues” (muscle/nerve)
II. Cnidaria are examples of animals with gastrovascular
cavities
– phylum Cnidaria - hydra, jellyfish, anemones, and corals
• gastrovascular cavity - one opening allowing for entrance
(mouth) and exit (anus)
• polyp - mouth up; attached like a plant (anemone)
• medussa - mouth down; floats free (jellyfish)
• specialized cnidocytes and nematocysts allow for defense and
capture of prey
– phylum Cnidaria
• class Hydrozoa - polyp/medussa alternattion
• class Scyphozoa - medussa primary form
• class Anthozoa - “flower anmials” corals; anemone
– phylum Ctenophora
• “comb jellies”
• eight rows of “comb-like plates” with cilia
III. Bilateria
Acoelomate - Coelomate (presence of body cavities)
• acoelomates - NO body cavity between gut and wall & NO
vessels for blood (avasuclar)
– flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes)
• coelomates - body cavity exists !!
– psuedocoelem - endoderm/mesoderm divided
» roundworms (phylum Nematoda)
– “true” coelem - cavity lined by mesoderm
» segmented worms (phylum Annelida)
IV. Acoelomates: bilateral and animals WITHOUT a body
cavity
– phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms and tapeworms
• gastrovascular cavity with 1 opening
• class Turbellaria - marine ; non-parasitic
• class Trematoda - parasitic ; most have “suckers”
– Schistosoma mansomi - parasite of humans
• class Cestoda - parasitic tapeworms
– Taenia solium - human “pork” tapeworm
– Taenia saginata - human “beef” tapeworm
V. Psuedocoelomates: have “false” body cavity,
complete digestive tract and blood vascular system
– phylum Rotifera- microscopic animals; live in water
– phylum Nematoda - psuedocoelmate worms
• found in moist soil; oceans; lakes
• major decomposers of dead material
– phylum Nemertea - round worms
• complete digestive tract - 2 openings (mouth/anus)
• simple vascular system - vessels & blood-like cells
• Questions still remains on where these fit on the
phylogenetic tree !!!!! (pseudoceolomates?)
VI. Protostomes:ceolomate division based on embryology;
phyla differ in body plan
– phylum Mollusca- snail, oyster, clam, squid, octopus
• unique body plan
• class Polyplacophora - marine, oval shell, 8 plates
• class Gastropoda - spiral shell, water/land (snail)
• class Bivalvia - clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
– shells divided into 2 halves
– gills used for feeding/respiration
• class Cephalopoda - squid, octopus, nautilus
– head - organization with nervous system
– phylum Annelida - “segmented bodies” (worms)
• clearly defined coelom and segments
• chaeta - tiny appendages for “gripping”
• class Oligochaeta - earthworms
• class Polychaeta - mostly marine
• class Hirudinea - leaches
– phylum Arthopoda - most diverse and numerous
species
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clear segmentation during development & adult
hard exoskeleton of protein and chitin
jointed appendages
open circulatory system with heart and hemolymph
• s.phylum Trilobita - (extinct in Paleozoic 250 mya)
• s.phylum Cheliceriformes - scorpions, spiders, ticks
• s.phylum Uniramians - 1 pair antennae; uniramous
– c. diplopoda - millipedes
– c. chilopoda - centipedes
– c. insecta - most diverse of animal Kingdom
• s.phylum Crustacea - 2 pair antennae; biramous
VII. Deuterostomes: ceolomate division based on
embryology; echinoderms and chordates
– phylum Echinodermata- starfish, sea urchins …….
• radial symmetry (convergent evolution!!!)
• slow moving; often with bumps or spines
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class Asteroidea- sea stars
class Ophiuroidea - brittle stars
class Echinoidea - sea urchins & sand dollars
class Crinoidea - “sea lillies”
class Holothuroidea - “sea cucumbers”
– phylum Chordata - presence of a notochord between the gut and
the nerve cord
– s. phylum Urochordata
– s. phylum Cephalochordata
– s. phylum vertebrata - defined vertebral column and
cranium
– (Fish) classes; Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Ostiechthyes
• Class Amphibia
• Class Reptilea
• Class Mammalia
• Class Aves (birds)