Transcript French Revolution Napoleon Powerpoint
The French Revolution
Liberty Equality Fraternity 1
Ingredients for Revolution
1688: Glorious/Bloodless Revolution in England removes James II ◦ William and Mary take over No more Catholic kings or queens No more absolute monarchy ◦ Parliament ◦ Bill of Rights Enlightenment ideas American Revolution (1776) and Constitution (1789) The Estates in France (Old Regime) ◦ 1 st Estate = clergy = wealthy/no taxes = privileged ◦ ◦ 2 nd 3 rd Estate = nobles = wealthy/few taxes = privileged Estate = everybody else Bourgeoisie/middle class = some wealth = high taxes = some rights ◦ Bankers ◦ ◦ ◦ Merchants Professionals Business owners City workers Peasants (80% of people) 2
Ingredients for Revolution…
Monarchy: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette ◦ Put country in debt Supporting American Revolution Personal luxuries ◦ Louis XVI ◦ ◦ Weak leader ◦ Couldn’t control country’s spending ◦ Couldn’t control wife’s spending Needed more money = taxes on the 2 nd Estate 1789: 2 nd Estate forces Louis to call a meeting of
Estates-General
First such meeting in 175 years First two estates could out vote the 3 rd Estate, even though the 3 rd Estate had more people.
Louis sides with 1 st and 2 nd Estates 3
The Fuse Is Lit!
◦ Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes gets 3 rd Estate to declare themselves the National Assembly and become government of France National Assembly locked out of their meeting room by king Tennis Court Oath: National Assembly breaks down door to tennis court and vows to stay until a constitution is created ◦ Some nobles and clergy join Painting of the National Assembly in the tennis court at Versailles 4
The Revolution Goes Off!
Rumors ◦ King to use military against National Assembly ◦ King to send troops to Paris to massacre French citizens Citizens arm themselves with whatever they can July 14, 1789: The Bastille prison is stormed by a mob looking for weapons ◦ Release prisoners ◦ Take some guards hostage and killed others 5
The Great Fear Spreads
Rumor ◦ Nobles hiring outlaws to attack peasants Citizens break into houses of nobles ◦ Destroy legal papers (can’t owe king or lord what can’t be proved) ◦ ◦ Kill nobles Burn houses A chateau burns as peasants riot in the countryside 6
The Great Fear Spreads…
October 1789: Women riot at Versailles over cost of bread ◦ Demands: National Assembly provide bread King and queen return to Paris August 1789: Great Fear spreads to clergy and nobles, more of whom now (out of fear) support National Assembly ◦ National Assembly ends Estate system ◦ Commoners/peasants now equal to clergy and nobles 7
Statement of Revolutionary Ideals
August 1789: National Assembly adopts Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of the Citizen
◦ Influenced by Enlightenment & U.S. Declaration of Independence “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.” ◦ Rights included Liberty Property Security Resistance to oppression Equal justice Freedom of speech Freedom of religion Revolutionary leaders adopt “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” as motto (fraternity = brotherhood) Illustration of Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 8
State-Controlled Church
National Assembly goes after Catholic Church ◦ Takes lands Sale of church lands helps pay off French debt ◦ ◦ Declares clergy will be elected and paid as state officials French peasants (mostly Catholics) take offense Creates division in revolution The Pinnacle of Liberty.” A French revolutionary watches a beheading while resting his foot on the head of a hanging clergyman.
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Royals Arrested
June 1791: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette try to sneak out of country ◦ Arrested near Austrian border ◦ Attempted escape made revolutionaries even angrier at royalty Arrest of Louis XVI and his Family, Varennes, 1791 10
Divisions Develop
1791: National Assembly creates a new constitution ◦ Creates a limited constitutional monarchy Strips king of most authority Creates a Legislative Assembly King Louis XVI agrees (no choice!) Old problems still exist ◦ Food shortages ◦ Government debt ◦ Poverty Factions split revolutionaries ◦ Radicals/Left: get rid of king, redo government ◦ ◦ Moderates/Center: wanted some changes in government Conservatives/Right: wanted to keep a limited monarchy with few changes in government 11
Divisions Develop…
Émigrés (the rich who fled France during the revolution) took actions to try to undo the revolution to get back their land Sans-culottes (the lower-class in Paris) wanted even more radical change ◦ They had no power in the assembly (but that didn’t stop them!) Movie poster for A Tale of Two Cities, based on the novel by Charles Dickens about the French Revolution and an émigré Two illustrations of sans-culottes 12
War and Execution
Austria and Prussia fear revolution will spread.
◦ They pressure France to restore monarchy.
◦ 1792: France responds by declaring war.
Prussian commander warns that he will destroy Paris if royal family is harmed.
August 10, 1792: Parisians furious at threat.
◦ They storm the Tuileries (place where the royals were under arrest).
Mobs massacre royal guard, takes royal family prisoners Storming of the Tuileries Palace, Paris 13
War and Execution…
Rumor: King’s supporters in Paris prisons are going to break out and retake Paris ◦ Mobs raid prisons, and murder over 1,000 nobles = September Massacres Radicals force ◦ Legislative Assembly to set aside the 1791 Constitution ◦ Creation of a new government, National Convention New government ◦ Abolishes monarchy ◦ ◦ Declares France a republic Adult males given right to vote Illustration by Armand Fouquier of the September Massacres 14
War and Execution…
National Convention, led by radical Jacobians put Louis XVI on trial and sentence him to death ◦ January 21, 1793: Louis beheaded by guillotine.
War with Prussia continues.
◦ Prussia and Austria are joined by England Holland Spain ◦ National Convention takes extreme step of ordering a draft of men and women Illustration of the execution of Louis XVI 15
Reign of Terror
Many groups in France fighting for power ◦ Peasants loyal to Catholic Church and/or king ◦ ◦ Clergy resisting government control Rival leaders in different regions of France 1793: Maximilien Robespierre gains power ◦ Vowed to build a “republic of virtue” by erasing France’s past.
Changed calendar ◦ Eliminated Sundays Closed churches Reign of Terror = Robespierre = leader of Committee of Public Safety and virtual dictator ◦ Goal = protect revolution from its enemies Bogus arrests, trials ◦ ◦ ◦ Lots of torture and death Many “enemies of the revolution” = personal enemies of Robespierre because of their challenges to his power Apprx. 40,000 killed revolution Top: Robespierre 85% = peasants or middle class, those who were supposed to benefit from the the Reign of Terror 16
End of Terror
1794: Fearing for own safety, members of National Convention turn on Robespierre ◦ Demand his arrest and execution Reign of Terror ends on July 28, 1794 with Robespierre’s execution ◦ ◦ Public opinion shifts Tired of terror Tired of inflation for necessities 1795: National Convention creates third government since 1789 Gives more power to upper middle class Creates two-house legislature (like U.S. Congress) Created Directory = five men acting as executive body (like U.S. president) Directory gives command of France’s armies to Napoleon Bonaparte Top: Illustration of the execution of Robespierre Bottom: Painting of Napoleon Bonaparte 17
Napoleon Forges an Empire
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Sent to military school at age 9, finished and became a lieutenant in the artillery at age 16 When revolution broke out, joined the army of the new governmnet
Napoleon Bonaparte
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October 1795- was told to defend the delegates of the National Convention against royalist rebels Within minutes, the attackers fled Napoleon's cannonade He was hailed throughout Paris as the savior of the French people
Hero of the Hour
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Sept into Italy, won a series of remarkable victories Led an expedition to Egypt Unable to repeat the successes he had in Europe But… kept stories of his setbacks out of the newspapers
Building His Image
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By 1799, the Directory had lost control of the political situation & confidence of the French people Napoleon is urged to seize political power He took action in November 1799 surrounding the national legislature & driving out most members Those remaining voted to dissolve the Directory & establish a group of three consuls- one of whom was Napoleon
Coup d’Etat
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Napoleon quickly took the title of first consul & assumed the power of a dictator Sudden seizure of power = coup ◦ From French word Coup d/Etat meaning “blow the state”
Coup d’Etat
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Britain, Austria, & Russia join forces to drive Napoleon from power He rides from Paris at the head of his troops As a result of war & diplomacy, peace agreements are signed Europe is at peace for the first time in 10 years
European Peace
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Vote was held to approve the new French Constitution (1800) People voted overwhelmingly in favor This gives all real power to Napoleon as first consul
Napoleon Rules France
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First task- get economy on solid footing Set up an efficient method of tax collection & established a national banking system Took steps to end corruption & inefficiency in the government Set up lycees (government run schools) open to male students of all backgrounds
Restoring order at Home
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Established a new relationship between church & state Government recognized the influence of the Church…. But rejected Church control in national affairs Gained Napoleon the support of the organized Church as well as the majority of the French people
Restoring order at Home
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Napoleonic Code
Comprehensive system o flaws Eliminated many injustices but… Limited liberty & promoted order & authority over individual rights 28
1804- Napoleon decided to make himself emperor, & French voters supported him During ceremony, Napoleon took the crown from the pope & put it on his own head Signaling that he is more powerful than the Church
Napoleon Crowned as Emperor
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Napoleon is not content to be master of France Wants to control the rest of Europe & reassert French power in the Americas After a loss in Saint Dominique, cuts his losses in the Americas ◦ Sells Louisiana territory to U.S.
◦ Gains cash needed for war & punishes Britain ◦ “The sale assures forever the power of the United States… and I have given England a rival who, sooner or later, will humble her pride.”
Creating an Empire
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Fearful of Napoleon’s ambitions, British persuaded Russia, Austria, & Sweden to join against France In a series of brilliant battles, Napoleon crushes his opponents In time, France’s only enemy left is Britain
Conquering Europe
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Only major battle Napoleon lost 1805- off SW coast of Spain British Commander Horatio Nelson split the French fleet, capturing many ships
Battle of Trafalgar
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Two Major Results: ◦ Ensured supremacy of the British Navy for the next 100 years ◦ Forced Napoleon to give up his plans of invading Britain
Battle of Trafalgar
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French Empire
◦ ◦ ◦ By 1812 the only areas free of Napoleon’s control: ◦ Britain Portugal Sweden Ottoman Empire ◦
The French Empire is large… but UNSTABLE.
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Napoleon’s policy of setting up a blockade to prevent all trade & communication between Britain & Europe Purpose: ◦ Make continental Europe more self-sufficient ◦ Destroy Britain’s commercial & industrial economy
The Continental System
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Napoleon’s blockade was not nearly tight enough Smugglers got through ◦ Some were allies and even family of Napoleon Britain responded with it’s own blockade ◦ Stronger navy = they were better at it ◦ Led to U.S. vs Britain in War of 1812
The Continental System
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Napoleon sent an invasion force through Spain (to get to Portugal) Spanish people protested Napoleon removed their king & put his brother on the throne Spanish guerrillas, aided by the British, proved difficult to fight
Peninsular War
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Napoleon's most disastrous mistake 1812 Breakdown in Russian-French Alliance ◦ Russia refused to stop selling grain to Britain ◦ French & Russian rulers suspected each other of having competing designs on Poland Napoleon decided to invade Russia
Invasion of Russia
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June 1812, Napoleon & his Grand Army of more than 420,000 soldiers marched into Russia As Napoleon advanced, Alexander pulled back- refusing to be lured into an unequal battle On retreat, Russians practiced a scorched-earth policy 39
Armies finally met in battle in September Russians fell back, allowing Napoleon to move on Moscow Russians burned the city rather than let Napoleon have it By mid-October, Napoleon decided to turn back to France… 40
Russian raiders attacked Napoleon’s army Soldiers were killed in clashes, died from wounds, dropped in their tracks from exhaustion, hunger, & cold Only 10,000 soldiers were left after they reached France ◦ Remember, he started with 420,000 41
Napoleon’s enemies were quick to take advantage against him Britain, Russia, Prussia, & Sweden joined forces Austria declared war against him All of the main powers of Europe were at war with France By 1814, Prussia & Russia had conquered Paris
Napoleon’s Downfall
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Napoleon accepts terms of surrender Gives up his thrown Is banished to the island of Elba (off Italian coast)
Napoleon Defeated
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New French King, Louis XVIII (Brother of Louis XVII) is unpopular Gives Napoleon incentive to try to regain power Escape from Elba Welcomed by French people & reinstated as Emperor
Escape & Back in Power
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European allies marshaled their armies June 1815- Napoleon attacked the British near Waterloo, Belgium Prussian Army arrived Napoleon’s army gives, is chased from the field by British & Prussians
Battle of Waterloo
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The Hundred Days, Napoleon’s last bid for power, is ended with the defeat at Waterloo British shipped Napoleon to St. Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic Lived in lonely exile for 6 years, writing his memoirs Died in 1821 of a stomach ailment (possibly cancer)
The Hundred Days
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Military genius & brilliant administrator But millions of lives lost Napoleon’s defeat opened the door for the freed European countries to establish a new order
Napoleon’s Legacy
“He was as great as a man can be without virtue.”
Alexis de Tocqueville
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Series of meetings in Vienna to set up policies that would ensure collective security & stability for the entire European continent Originally planned for 4 weeks Lasted 8 months
Congress of Vienna
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Most decisions made by the 5 “great powers” ◦ Russia ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Prussia Austria- MOST INFLUENTIAL Prince Metternich destrusted the democratic ideals of the French Revolution Great Britain France
Congress of Vienna
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Containment of France ◦ Make weak countries around France stronger Balance of Power ◦ France remains a power (but diminished) ◦ No European Country can easily overthrow another Legitimacy ◦ Restore the rulers Napoleon overthrew
Congress of Vienna
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Created a time of peace in Europe None of the five great powers waged war on one another for nearly 40 years
Congress of Vienna
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