Transcript APEuroThe Industrial Revolution PowerPoint.ppt

Ch. 4.2 - The Industrial Revolution:
-ca. 1750 – 1850: changes in technology in Western Europe &
the United States
-transition from agricultural and commercial society to an
industrial society
Events leading up to IR

Commercial Revolution (1500-1800)
– Age of Exploration
– Price Revolution
– Capitalism
– Scientific revolution
– Population growth

Proto-Industrialization
– Putting out system
– Cottage industry
– technology
I. Ind. Rev. Began in Britain
A.
Contributing Factors:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Agricultural revolution: increase in food supply meant more
people could be fed at lower prices w/ less labor
Population growth (labor supply) as a result of more food
supplies
Supply of capital to invest & entrepreneurs seeking profits;
highly developed banking system
Rich in natural resources, including coal, iron ore, and natural
water ways for both fuel and transportation

5.
6.
1780s Henry Cort developed a way to produce higher-quality iron
with a process called “puddling” resulting in massive growth of
the iron industry
Government’s “laissez-faire” attitude towards econ. and social
regulation; politically stable (wars fought on the continent)
Large Empire provided a market for goods & a source of raw
materials
Why did Industrialization
begin in England?
B. Agricultural Revolution
Year
Sheep (lbs)
Cattle (lbs)
1710
28
370
1795
80
800
Y1
Y3
Jethro Tull was one of the first
scientific farmers.
1. Enclosure movement: large,
wealthy landowners bought up
small farms on which they could
experiment and apply the scientific
approach to farming.
2. Methods such as crop rotation
and selective breeding were
employed by the scientific farmers.
Y2
Y4
C. Effects of the Agricultural Revolution
1.
2.
3.
Population growth due to higher quality and quantity of
food available
Increased population led to higher demand for food
and goods
As farmers lost land to enclosures, they left rural
villages and moved to the cities to work in factories
D. Proto-Industrial Changes in Cotton Production: the
Textile Industry
From Cottage Industries
Machine Work
1.
Hargreaves’
Spinning
Jenny
1764:
2.
Arkwright invented the
Waterframe in 1769.
Industrialization began
in textile industry;
specifically the demand
for cotton
One invention led to
another as spinners and
weavers tried to keep
up with demand for
cotton cloth:
–
–
–
–
Flying shuttle (1733)
Spinning Jenny (1764)
Water frame (1769)
Spinning mule (1779)
The steam engine & coal
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Thomas Savory and Thomas Newcomen developed
steam pump to remove water from mines
JAMES WATT
(1769) reconfigured and created more
efficient steam engine
Most important technological invention that dramatically
changed manufacturing and transportation
Development of heavy industry: manufacture of
machinery and materials for industrial production
Henry Cort: 1780s – “puddling” refined iron for building
and industrial grade wrought iron and steel
Eli Whitney & The Cotton Gin
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While spinners and weavers
created inventions to keep up
with each other’s speed, the
cotton growers were now
falling behind
1793: while working on a GA
plantation to pay off college
debts, Whitney developed
Cotton Gin in the hopes to
apply for & receive a patent,
and thus a handsome profit.
Negative impact: increased
demand for both land and
slave labor due to the
profitability of cotton growing
E. The Transportation Revolution
1. In 1765 James Watt develops steam engine:
2. Steam was a cheap, convenient source of power.
3. Robert Fulton’s Steamboat (1807)
provided fast, easy transportation
of both raw materials and finished
goods.
4. In 1804, the 1st steam-powered
locomotive ran on an industrial
rail line. “The Iron Horse” or “The
Rocket”
F. The Effect of the Railroads:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to
transport goods & raw materials
Created new jobs for RR workers, construction, and miners
Boosted agricultural and fishing industries
Increased travel both for pleasure and allowed people to take
distant jobs
Social Changes:
Economic Changes
Economic Changes
Railways
cut the cost
of
transporting
goods
How many horses would be needed to transport 40 tons by road?
By 1850, Britain leads
industrial growth
2/3 world’s coal
½ worlds iron
> ½ world’s cotton cloth
1801-1850:
GNP rose 350%
Per capita income
rose 100%
International
exhibit to
showcase Britain’s
industrial, economic, and
military superiority

Crystal Palace, 1851
Industrialization Spreads after 1815:
Continental Europe & US
British Monopoly on Industrialization
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Up until 1825 it was illegal for engineers, mechanics, and
toolmakers to leave England
Until 1843, export of textile machines and equipment illegal
Many emigrated illegally
Tariffs: used to protect domestic industry
– France imposed tariffs on British goods
– 1834: Zollverein – German tariff policy established free trade
zone among member states and a uniform tariff on foreign
goods
German Zollverein, 1834–1919 Blue:
Prussia in 1834 Grey: Areas included until
1866 Yellow: Austrian possessions outside
the Zollverein Red: Borders of the 1828
German Confederation (wikipedia)
1.
Due to the Napoleonic Wars & the French Rev. (1789 – 1815),
G.B. remained the “economic superpower” of the 19th C.
–
–
–
2.
More trade
More iron & coal than the rest of the world combined
Produced more than 70% of Europe’s cotton cloth
After 1815, industrialization spreads to the continent
3.
Belgium:
–
–
4.
Resources: coal, iron, waterways
Led by William Cockerill, secret plans for spinning machine
(industrial espionage)
Germany:
–
–
–
–
Politically divided, but pockets of industrialization
Imported British equipment & engineers; sent children to G.B.
to learn ind. management
Built RR to connect manufacturing cities
Econ. strength led to military development by the late 19th C.,
Germany was both an industrial and military powerhouse
5.
6.
7.
France: ind. after 1850, built RR
Spain: cotton production, ind. delayed by lack
of transportation (roads & canals)
Austria-Hungary: geography (mountain range)
blocked RR building
E. Rise of Global Inequality
A.
B.
First nations to industrialize (Western Europe,
the United States, Japan) became wealthy,
powerful nations
Industrialization leads to Imperialism:
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–
–
Widened gap b/w industrialized and nonindustrialized countries
Required steady supply of raw materials
Exploitation of overseas colonies for Markets and
Materials
III. Social Impact of Industrialization:
New Social Order
Rise of the Middle Class
“bourgeoisie”
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ind. Rev. created wealth for factory
owners, shippers, merchants, bankers
changing the social structure
Upper middle class did not become social
equals of aristocrats until late 19th C.
(gov. workers, doctors, lawyers,
managers, entrepreneurs)
Lower middle class “petite bourgeoisie”
had comfortable standard of living
(factory overseers, skilled workers,
drafters, printers)
Working poor “proletariat”: low standard
of living
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As machines replaced workers, created
anger
Luddites: smashed machines, attacked
factories, riots
Union Movement & government response
Factory Life
1.
2.
3.
New machines were
large and expensive, so
factories were built to
house machines.
Initially built near power
sources (water); later
w/ the development of
new sources of fuel,
factories moved to
urban centers
People migrated to cities
to work in factories
1.
After 1800, change from
rural to urban as people
moved from country to find
work in the cities in
factories & mines
2. Most city pop. doubled, or
even tripled
Rapid, unplanned pop. growth leads
to social problems:
1. No planning for housing,
sanitation, ed., police
protection, building codes
2. Lack of sanitation &
overcrowding led to
disease:
 Cholera epidemics
 Shorter life spans
3. Poor lived in filthy, oneroom homes while upper
middle class lived in
suburban areas
4. Growing gap b/w rich and
poor
5. Poorhouses (Poor Laws)
6. Irish Potato Famine (184546, 1848-51)
Urbanization
Working Poor
Typical Coal Miners:
Child Laborers:
Women
Worked in
factories
Tenement Housing:
Working Conditions
1. Average worker: 14 hr. day, 6 days/week
2. All members of family worked, but in separate jobs (change in family
structure)
3. Dangerous conditions:


Machine injuries (no worker’s comp.!)
Coal dust inhaled (life spans 10 years shorter than other prof.)
4. Factories polluted air & water
Child Labor
6-7 year old children
worked in factories &
mines
2. Day began at 6a.m.
until 7-8p.m. w/ ½
hour lunch, 1 hr.
dinner
3. Beaten by factory
overseer if fell asleep
4. Injured hands in
spinning machines or
inhaled cotton fluff
into lungs
1.
Government Intervention & Regulation
1.
2.
1819: 1st Factory Act passed
by British gov. to restrict
working age & hours
1833: 2nd Factory Act passed
by Parliament to further
regulate child labor:
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3.
1842: Mines Act
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–
4.
Illegal to hire under 9; 9-12:
8 hrs., 13-17: 12 hrs., by
1847: 10 hrs. Act
Regulate child labor in coal
mines
Prevented women & children
from working underground
1847: Ten Hours Act
Social effects of I.R.
Growing gap b/w the
rich & poor
Demand for reforms:
1.
2.
–
Eugene Debs
to bargain for better
working conditions &
higher wages or face a
strike
Rise of Socialism
3.
–
Karl Marx
Unionization of workers
Government (public)
ownership of resources
would allow equal
distribution of wealth
Changes in Science,
Literature & Art
1.
Scientific Progress after
1830 led to
secularization (rejection
of religious
explanations):
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
2.
Louis Pasteur developed
the germ theory of
disease
Charles Darwin theory of
evolution & natural
selection
Realism:
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Charles Dickens wrote
novels that showed the
realities of daily life for
the poor
Gustave Courbet painted
common people doing
common labor