Ch. 22 PPT - Moravia School District
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Transcript Ch. 22 PPT - Moravia School District
Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Population Growth – Columbian exchange, younger marriages, more kids
The Agricultural Revolution – new foods, new methods, new tools
(all equal more food)
Potatoes & Corn – more food per acre & feed for livestock
Enclosure – consolidated and enclosed, tenant farmers looking for work; move to cities
More workers than there are jobs
Technology – increases efficiency, decreases need for human labor
Britain & Continental Europe
Rise of Industrialization in Britain – put inventions into practice more quickly than others
British Advantages over Europe
Fast flowing rivers
Large amts iron ore and coal
Natural harbors
Large merchant fleet and navy
1789-1815 Revolutions & Wars (helped Britain to
protect technologies)
*Brits pass laws forbidding anyone who
manufactures and/or repairs textiles
machines to leave country w/o permission
- Samuel Slater
Causes of the Industrial Revolution… continued
Rise of Industrialization in Europe
Continental Europe attempts to follow Britain’s lead
Encouraged private investors (joint-stock companies)
Politics favorable to businesses
Money to be made off increased trade
Abundant coal & iron-ore throughout Europe
Impetus for industrialization:
Cottage Industry - mass production through division of labor
(China – Song dynasty; iron prod – 11th century)
New machines & mechanization
Flying shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water frame, Mule, etc
Cotton gin – cotton prod and replaceable parts
Why so important?
Increase in the manufacture of iron (China – Song dynasty)
1) Machines, tools, etc
2) Steam Engine – more reliable consistent source of pwr
- no longer confined to being near river
3) Electric telegraph
http://inventors.about.com/od/indrevolution/ss/Industrial_Revo_5.htm
Mass Production: Pottery – making identical items by breaking the process into simple tasks
Wedgwood Pottery
Increase in tea/coffee drinking – vessels that would not contaminate flavor
Josiah Wedgewood imitated China’s porcelain
Becomes member of the Royal Society
Division of labor – increased productivity, lowered costs
Used a steam engine in his factory (purchased from two other members of Royal Society)
Mechanization: The Cotton Industry – application of machines to manufacturing
Whitney’s Cotton Gin
Innovations in Cotton Manufacturing
Flying shuttle – greatly sped up weaving of threads to make textiles
Spinning Jenny – greatly sped up spinning of cotton threads (downside was
threads were soft and irregular; had to be used with linen – flax)
Richard Arkwright: Water Frame (initially powered by water) – stronger thread
Samuel Crompton: Mule – finer, more even thread
British textiles able to compete successfully with high quality textiles
(handmade) from India
Inventions spurred on more mechanization
1) Increased manufacturer productivity
2) Lower prices for the consumer
Luddites (1811-2) – backlash against technology (some serious machine bashing)
Why were textiles
a sure winner?
Innovations in Iron Making
Often assoc w/Deforestation (expensive & restricted)
Darby’s coke – coal w/impurities removed = cheaper; albeit lower grade iron
Darby’s grandson built a bridge of iron
Crystal Palace – showcase greenhouse for 1851 Great Exhibition
The Steam Engine
The Newcomen and Watt Engines
Newcomen – used to pump H2O out of mines
Watt improves on it with condenser & allowed rotary
motion
Steamboats and ships
US – a nation moved by steam (1st water, then land)
1838 – cross the Atlantic by steam
Railroads – cheaper, faster, opens up travel
1829 – Liverpool to Manchester – Rocket approx 30 mph
Railroads in America – opened up farm lands to markets
Could now transport large amt of prod over land
Railroads in Europe – satisfied need for transportation
Communication over wires
Electric Telegraph (1837)
Samuel Morse – transmitted on a single wire
Strung along railroads
Increased speed of communication
Impact of the early Industrial Revolution
New Industrial cities – towns grew too fast (urbanization)
sewage out the window, cheap/quick buildings, fire hazards, no bldg/safety codes
Rural Environments
North America - nature as an obstacle to be conquered
Europe – population up, land scarce, woodlands denuded, national transportation networks
Industry & Slavery – sugar/coffee/cotton demand = more slaves
Working Conditions
Unskilled, repetitive, unsafe
Accidents frequent
Phossy Jaw
Women & Children in Industry
Initially domestic servants or work @ home
Women earned 1/3 to 2/3 less then men
No family life, stress on marriage
No time for childhood or school
children 14-16 hours a day just like adults
Workers had no rights
No health/safety codes in factories
No overtime, vacation time, holidays, etc
(Typical work week 84-96 hr)
Owners could use whatever means they deemed necessary to motivate workers
Typically one 30-60 min break once a day
Sometimes paid in scrip
Changes in Society
Handloom Weavers vs. Factory Workers
Improvements and setbacks
1792-1815 – price of food rose faster than wages
1820’s – food prices fell, wages rose
1845-51 – Irish potato famine, min of ¼ died, ¼ left
(reliance on lumbar – over 90% of crop destroyed)
Irish eat potatos at every meal
- more emigrate to America than any other country
Worst famine in history (proportionally)
English exploit famine
“Irish Holocaust”
The New Middle Class = beneficiaries, “nouveau riche”
Middle-Class Women and middle-class attitudes
“Cult of domesticity” – a woman's place is in the home
Olympe de Gouges, The Declaration of the Rights of Woman (September 1791)
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/293/
1792 – Mary Wollstonecraft “Vindication of the Rights of Women” English, argues
for the rights of women to an education and opportunities equal to a man’s.
1848 – Resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Conference to increase the rights of
women.
When do all women finally get the right to vote in England and America (after what major event)?
http://etext.virginia.edu/t
oc/modeng/public/WolVi
nd.html
Vindication of the Rights
of Women
New economic and political belief systems
Laissez Faire
Adam Smith
Wealth of Nations – government - stay out of business (Laissez Faire)
those seeking personal gain will promote general welfare by providing products that
will benefit society.
Prices will be determined by “Invisible Hand” of the market
Invisible Hand - ?
Promoted free-market capitalism, believed in private ownership
Challenged mercantilism – (govt control)
Other thinkers
Thomas Malthus – population will out grow ability of agriculture to feed
Believed war and famine were natural checks on population growth
Humans should practice artificial population control (delay marriage,
abstinence, etc)
Jeremy Bentham – Utilitarianism (govt should look out for all citizens)
Advocated for govt regulation of business and society
Fredrich List (German) – argued for tariffs; disagreed with Laissez Faire trade
Fledgingly industrial societies could not compete with Britiain (Zollverein)
Positivism – scientific method applied to society, three stages of society
Believed Sci Method could solve social problems
Workers form communities under guidance of caring owners/businessmen
Other unrealistic ideas included utopian socialism
Sadler Commission – Commission to examine conditions during Ind Rev; focused
mainly on issue of child labor
Reform Bill 1832 – reforms to voting system; concentrated lessening corruption
(most citizens were dissappointed with result – minimum income or property requirement still in place)
Factory Act of 1833 – limits to child labor & working hours A young person (1318) no more than 12 hrs, and a child (9-13) no more than 9 hrs
Mines Act of 1842 – no women or children (under 10) underground
Corn Law tariffs repealed in 1846
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IR1833.htm
Workers Organizations – Chartism = universal male suffrage, secret ballots, pay for
representatives, and annual elections.
“Sun never set on the British Empire”
Egypt – Britain took steps to ensure a weak Egypt – effectively killing Egyptian industrialization
efforts (Suez Canal & Egyptian cotton)
India – “Jewel in the Crown” of the British empire – discouraged domestic industry
Opium Wars - Nemesis
China – “Spheres of influence” – Western industrialized nations begin to divide China up
Nemesis
Letter to Queen Victoria
British supplant India as world’s leading producer of textiles
Sepoy Rebellion - Ethnocentrism
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/opiumwars/nemesis.htm