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Welcome to the Industrial Revolution • A period of huge production in goods that led to decreased prices and therefore more affordable living conditions • Economies boomed due to high populations (large work forces) • Cities soon became ideal places for factories • Cities were where wealth was centralized • Improved peoples' daily lives • Transportation and technology improvements connected us and the world. • Jobs - Factories in the major cities created hundreds of thousands of jobs, expanded the cities, attracted immigrants by the millions and forever changed the landscape of the country, especially in the Northeast. It was also a period of… • • • • • • • • • • A period of rampant pollution Child labor (yes, you would be working and not here) Overcrowding due to mushrooming population growth Gradual elimination of the rural “worker” Urbanization Tenement living Lack of sanitation (we’re talking toilets people!) Disease Dangerous working conditions Hiring of women – not because they’re pretty, but because they were cheap • Depletion of natural resources • Cheers! CHAPTER 25 The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900 Learning Goal: Students will be able to accurately detail the birth place or, the reasons for and the results of the Industrial Revolution as well as connect this historical event to our world today. Video Lecture: Mr. Cass will generate short response questions from this introductory lecture: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wrmax07bxyQ GREAT INVENTORS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1750-1850 The Enclosure Movement • English farmers had raised crops and grazed their animals on open fields for centuries. • During the late 17th century, English landowners began buying up village lands and fencing them in. • They then charged people for the use of the land. This was known as enclosure. CHARLES TOWNSHEND • Fallow fields: let earth lie fallow (dormant) every two or three years. – During those years, nothing was planted on the land. • Charles Townshend: Crop rotation • This was done by planting a different crop each year. • Ex: wheat or corn would wear out the land, turnips or clover would restore the field. Jethro Tull • Jethro Tull was one of the first scientific farmers. • The SEED DRILL: allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths. • When his invention was used, a larger share of the seeds germinated. • As a result, crop yields increased even more. • What may be an effect of more food? TEXTILES • The Textile Revolution: The Industrial Revolution first took hold in Britain’s largest industry – textiles. • Most important crops, or textiles (a woven or knit cloth) was cotton. • Cotton was used for everything from clothing to sails for ships. • The “putting-out” – Raw cotton was handed out to peasant families who spun it into thread and wove it into cloth. – Was very slow THE FLYING SHUTTLE • In 1733, John Kay made a shuttle that moved back and forth on wheels. • The flying shuttle, allowed a weaver to work twice as fast. THE SPINNING JENNY 1764: spinners could not keep up with the weavers, James Hargreaves invented a new spinning wheel. Spinning "Jenny" Allowed a worker to spin 6 or 8 threads at a time. Later models could spin as many as 80 threads. Spinners using the Jenny worked in the world’s first FACTORIES Cotton Gin • Eli Whitney (USA) • Speeds process of removing seeds from raw cotton • American cotton production soars • Results? WATERFRAME • In 1769 Richard Arkwright invented the Water Frame. – used water from a near-by stream to produce power that operated spinning wheels. • Result: Spinning could be done by a machine instead of a person, so owners could spin more cotton. • Effects? JAMES WATT • “I have at my disposal what the whole world demands, something which will uplift civilization more than ever by relieving man of all undignified drudgery. I have steam power.” Matthew Boulton, James Watt’s financial partner. • James Watt : repair man for Thomas Newcomen (originator of steam engine) • Watt improves Newcomen’s engine • Watt’s produces four times as much power from the same amount of coal. • Watt’s engine would become a key power of the Industrial Revolution. RAILROAD • Richard Trevithick (1804) hauls tons of iron for nearly ten miles using a steam driven locomotive • 1829: George Stephenson, developed a locomotive called the "Rocket." • Revolutionizes transportation in Europe and the United States • Effects? Results?